History of Islam

BIRTH OF RASULULLAH .

The prophesies and divine events that were  taking place in Arabia were sure signs of the coming of our Prophet Rasulullah  The Christian priest according to their Gospel (Injeel) and the Jewish Rabbis according to their book (Tauraat) declared that 'The last of all Nabees' will be born in Arabia. Hazrat Ebrahim (A.S) had also asked Allah to raise a prophet among the Arabs.

Hazrat Abdul Muttalib and his son Hazrat Haarith (R.A) began a desperate search for the well of 'Zam Zam'. There are two little hills, 'Safa and Marwah', now absorbed in the city of Makkah, and close to the well of 'Zam Zam'. Here Hazrat Hajira (R.A), mother of the infant Hazrat Isma'eel(A.S.) prayed for water in the parched desert, and in her eager quest between these hills, she found her prayer answered and she saw the 'Zam Zam' spring. She built walls round it to make it a well. In due course this well was covered up with silt and now, it was Hazrat Abdul Muttalib's intention to uncover it.

Hazrat Abdul Muttalib, the care-taker of the Ka'bah had to also contend with the attack by Abrah-bin-Saba, the governor of Yemen who intended to destroy the Ka'bah. Abrah had an army of 'The Elephants'. But Allah sent flights of birds which rained down stones on this army and destroyed the attackers and Abrah failed in his intention. The Quraan makes mention of this fact in Sura 'Feel' (The Elephants). This was the year that Rasulullah  was born and it was called the 'Year of the Elephants'.

After this event, when Hazrat Abdul Muttalib visited Zaid-bin-Zeeyazun, the then ruler of Yemen, he was told by his ruler that the prophet for whom the world was waiting will be born in the family of Hazrat Abdul Muttalib.

Just before the birth of Rasulullah  , Hazrat Abdullah the father of Rasulullah  was sent by Hazrat Abdul Muttalib on a trade mission to Syria (Shaam). On his return journey, Hazrat Abdullah fell ill and passed away at Madinah.

Thus Rasulullah  was born on Monday 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal (22 April 571 A.D.) in the family of Banu Hashim. His mother Hazrat Bibi Aamina (R.A). was from Banu Zuhra family. The genealogy of this tribe shows that it is directly linked with Hazrat Isma'eel (A.S.)

When Rasulullah  was born, many divine events took place. A bright star was seen by a Jew in Madinah. A sacred fire burning continuously for a thousand years in Persia (Iran) was extinguished. A bright light arose in Makkah and this was seen as far as Syria. An angel had appeared in the dream of Hazrat Bibi Aaminah(R.A.) and told her that the boy that was to be born to her should be named 'Ahmed' (The Praise One).

With great joy Hazrat Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Rasulullah  took the infant Prophet  to the Ka'bah and thanked Allah for giving him this Divine grandson.

CHILDHOOD

As a boy, Rasulullah  was cared for and suckled for seven days by Thuwaybah, the freed slave of Abu-Lahab-ibn-Abdul Muttalib, incidentally, Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) was also suckled by Thuwaybah. and because of this good fortune, Hazrart Hamza (R.A.) became Rasulullah  's foster brother. Hazrat Abdul Muttalib was so overjoyed with the birth of his grandson that after seven days he offered an 'Aqeeqah', and invited all the people of Quraish for a feast. This tradition of the
'Aqeeqah' was common among the Arabs since they believed that by this sacrifice, all the evil and other omens will keep away from the person in the name of whom the 'Aqeeqah' is offered.

On the eighth day after his birth , Rasulullah  was given in the care of Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A)
a lady of the Banu S'aad tribe. It was the practice of the Arabs to send their children away to the country-side so that they would grow up strong and healthy and learn the refined language of the Bedouin tribe which was considered superior to that of the city language. Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A) found that since Rasulullah  had joined her family, there was 'barkat' (blessing) and a great deal of prosperity in her home. Thus Rasulullah  grew up with the children of Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A), and he often went out with them to tend the sheep and goats.

After every six months, Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A.) brought Rasulullah  back to Makkah to his mother Hazrat Bibi Aaminah (R.A.) and to his grandfather Abdul Muttalib.

It was while Rasulullah  was in the care of Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A.)  that her children reported to her one day that two persons, dressed in white, had taken Rasulullah  away. When Hazrat Bibi Halemah (R.A.) found him, he was pale and weak. He explained that the two persons had split open his chest and taken out something from his heart. On inspecting his body, Hazrat Bibi Haleemah (R.A.) found no signs of injury. This incident so upset her that she brought Rasulullah  back to Makkah to Bibi Aaminah (R.A.).

According to 'Saheeh Muslim.' Hazrat Anas-bin -Maalik (R.A.) reports that one day while Rasulullah  was playing with some boys, Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S) appeared before Rasulullah  and split open his chest and removed a black spot from his heart and thereafter placed faith and wisdom in it. He then washed the heart in the water of 'Zam Zam' and replaced it in Rasulullah 's Chest.

When Rasulullah  was six years old, Hazrat Bibi Aaminah (R.A.) took him to her people in Madinah. On the return  journey to Makkah, she was taken ill and passed away at Abwa. Hazrat Abdul Muttalib then took care of Rasulullah  for two years. When Rasululaah  was eight years old, Hazrat Abdul Muttalib also passed away.

YOUTH

As a youth, Rasulullah  kept himself aloof from all pleasures and entertainment which the youth of his age would enjoy and laugh at. The greatness of his character had no equal in Makkah. He was very shy.

His noble character was respected by all in Makkah and he had no enemies of all. Once, a war (Harb-ul-Fujjar) broke out between the tribes of Quraish and Banu Qays. Rasulullah  was with his uncle Abu Taalib who was the chief of the Banu Hashim tribe, i.e. of the Quraish. Rasulullah 's duty was to pick up the arrows shot by the enemies and give it to the Quraish fighters, but he himself was not directly involved in the fighting.

Rasulullah  took great interest in trade at a very early age and he was encouraged by Abu Taalib who took him along on trading missions to the surrounding countries.

Rasulullah  refrained from any sinful acts. He developed a sense of helpfulness and sympathy. He helped to revive an institution which was called Half-ul-Fudul (Pledge of Virtues), where members pledged them self to: (1) to keep peace among various tribes (2) to protect travellers from attacks on their journeys (3) to help the poor and needy (4) to protect the weak from their oppressors.

Once, Abdul-ibn-Abi-Al Hamsar had business transaction with Rasulullah  and they met in the street. The trade asked Rasulullah  to wait there for him and he would return shortly to continue the business. Rasulullah  waited there for three days for the man to return, but when the man did so, he realised that Rasulullah  kept his promise and had waited patiently for him.

Not only in Makkah, but throughout Arabia, Rasulullah  's name became a house-hold word. His piety, good manners, honesty and trustworthiness made him so famous that he was given the titles of 'As-Saadiq' (The Truthful) and 'Al-Ameen' (The Trustworthy). His honesty led the people of Makkah to leave their goods and valuables in trust with him.

BUILDING OF THE KA'BAH

Since the time of Hazrat Ibraheem (A.S.), Makkah was known as the 'City of Peace'. The Ka'bah, known as Baitullah (House of Allah) was built by Hazrat Ibra'heem (A.S.) and his elder son Hazrat Isma'eel (A.S.) They established the rites and usage of the sacred city and the Ka'bah.

The Ka'bah was the center of Arabia where the various tribes, chiefs,  individuals and others met for trade, socialising, circumambulation (Tawaaf), religion and other business. It was a neutral meeting place for the warring tribes where they laid down their arms annually for the 'pilgrimage'. It was the duty of everyone to maintain the Ka'bah and care for the black stone (Hajre-Aswad) Which was in the Ka'bah.

During the islamic era, it was stated in a Hadith that Hazrat Ibn-Abbas reported that Rasulullah  had said : 'The Hajre Aswad had descended from Jannah (Paradise), having being whiter than milk. The sins of man caused it to be become black'.

Once the Ka'bah caught alight and it was very badly damaged. The Quraish decided to rebuild it. Waleed-bin-Mugheera started the project. The people of Makkah bought a wrecked ship on the shores of Jeddah, and, using camels, carted its timber to Makkah to use for the roof of the Ka'bah.

Then came the touchy issue of re-placing the Black stone (Hajre-Aswad) in its original place. Each leader of his tribe wanted the honour to do this sacred task. Daggers were drawn and chaos would have been widespread but, a wise old man Abu Ummayyah-bin-Mugheera made a suggestion that the first person seen entering the Ka'bah should be asked to decide the issue. Incidentally, the first person to enter the Ka'bah in the morning was Rasulullah . A pleased shout of  'Al Ameen!' filled the Ka'bah as the people of Makkah had full confidence in his piety, justice and arbitration. Rasulullah  was not at all nervous at this task of settling a serious dispute of a warring nation. He ordered a sheet and spread it on the floor and put the Black Stone (Hajre Aswad) on it. He then asked each leader of the various tribes to hold the edges of the sheet and pick it up. When the sheet was level to the height where the Hajre Aswad was to be placed, Rasulullah   picked up the Black Stone with his own hands and placed it in its corner.

The diplomatic manner in which this dangerous situation was handled by Rasulullah  was acclaimed by all in Makkah.  A major disaster was averted and it was an accepted fact that had there been no solution found, the war which would have been sparked off would have been one of the bloodiest and disastrous of all the wars that had been fought during the barbaric and illiterate age. At the time of this incident, Rasulullah  was twenty three years old.

MANHOOD

The virtues of Rasulullah  became so clear that his integrity, loyalty and truthfulness gained great favour with the people of Makkah.

Hazrat Khadeejah-binte-Khuwaylid (R.A.) was a very rich business woman of Makkah and her trade extended to the realms of Syria (Shaam), Iraq and Yemen. She was so overwhelmed with Rasulullah's  sublime character that she sent her nephew Qatima to him to find out if Rasulullah  would accept a post as her trade agent. Rasulullah  consulted his uncle Abu Taalib and accepted Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.)'s proposition. She arranged a reasonable salary and Rasulullah  set out on his second journey to Syria (Shaam), accompanied by Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.)'s slave Maysarah and one of her relatives, Khazima-ibn-Hakeem.

When Rasulullah 's caravan camped at a site in Syria, Nasturaa, a monk, showed more than ordinary interest in Rasulullah  and declared that according to their scriptures, Rasulullah  was the expected 'Last of all Nabees'. The trade mission to Syria proved so profitable that Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) was overcome with admiration for Rasulullah  . In due course, he made several other trips to Bahrain, Yemen and Syria each time returning with greater profit.

The exemplary character of Rasulullah  was evident in many of his noble deeds. When his uncle Abu Taalib was hard pressed and in difficulty in a famine period, Rasulullah  requested that he let him take custody of his children. Thus Rasulullah  took care of Hazrat Ali-ibn-Abu Taalib while Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) cared for Hazrat Jafar-ibn-Abu Taalib.

Zaid-bin Haarith was a slave given to Rasulullah  by Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.). One day Zaid's father Haarith and his uncle Ka'ab came to Rasulullah  to request the release of Zaid. Rasulullah  readily granted Zaid his freedom. But Zaid refused to part from Rasulullah  . Seeing this , Rasulullah  promptly took Zaid with him to the court-yard of the Ka'bah and proclaimed Zaid as his own son before the people of Makkah.

MARRIAGE

The trustworthiness, virtue, honesty and truthfulness of Rasulullah  was praised by every tribe and individual in Makkah. His dignified character and sincerity had won the heart of Hazrat Khadeejah-binte-Khuwaylid (R.A.), who was pretty, rich and widowed. Many noblemen of the Quraish desired to marry her. But she declined because she had developed great affection and respect for Rasulullah  on account of his character.

Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) sent two of her friends, Aatikah-binte Abdul Muttalib and Nafeesh-binte-Ummayya, with a marriage proposal to Rasulullah . As a mark of respect, Rasulullah  consulted his uncle Abu Taalib, and gladly accepted the proposal. Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) was forty years old and Rasulullah  was twenty-five.

Abu Taalib gathered all heads of the tribes of Makkah and members of the Banu Hashim family and proceeded to the house of Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.). A large assembly of friends and relatives of Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.), including Umar-bin-Asad and Waraqah-bin-Nawfal awaited them.

Abu Taalib performed the Nikah and delivered the historical Nikah Khutbah (Sermon) which was noted for its praise of Rasulullah  and of the high regard in which he was held by the elders of Makkah. Abu Taalib offered twenty camels as dowry for Hazrat Khadeejah. Waraqah-bin-Nawfal  (R.A.) also delivered a Khutbah (Sermon). Umar-bin-Asad represented Hazrat Khadejjah (R.A.) as her Wakeel (representative) and accepted four hundred misqaal (20 misqaal being equivalent to 4.37 grams of gold), as Mehr (dowry) on behalf of Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) and gave her away as wife of Rasulullah . Thus the rite of 'proposal' and 'acceptance' was completed. Rasulullah  had two sons, Qasim and Abdullah, both of whom passed away in childhood.They had four daughters, Zaynb (R.A.) Umme-kulthum (R.A.) Ruqayya (R.A.) and Faatimah (R.A.)

SEARCH FOR

TRUTH

When Rasulullah  reached the age of thirty-three, he developed a tendency to be alone and in deep thought. In the years that followed, he began to experience a Divine feeling and was drawn more towards the contemplation of the Great Creator, Allah. There was an ever-present light and brilliance 'Noor' around him which gladdened his heart.

Rasulullah  resented the worship of idols and he denounced 'polytheism' (worship of more than one God). He abstained from eating food that had been offerings to the idols.

As Rasulullah 's age neared forty years, he desired to be lonely and in solitude grew ever stronger. He avoided all worldly contacts and began to retire to the quite of the cave of Hira which was about five kilometers from Makkah. The cave was only three meters by two meters in size. During his visits to the cave he took with him only a meagre supply of bread and water.

He was always engaged in prayer and contemplation of the Greatness of Allah. He had Divine dreams of things to come. Seven years passed in this manner and during the last sox months of the seven years the Divine dream persisted in such a regular pattern, that they became a part of his life.

PROPHETHOOD

When Rasulullah  was forty years old, an angel appeared in the cave of Hira (Jabl-e-Noor) and commanded him to 'Read' Rasulullah  replied that he could not. At this, the angel firmly embraced Rasulullah  and released him. He again commanded him to 'Read' and again Rasulullah  replied that he couldn't. He was embraced again and released. For the third time the angel commanded him to 'Read' and again Rasulullah  replied that he could not read. The angel then said:

'Read, in the name of Allah who created (everything). He created man from a clot of blood. Read, your Lord is Great who taught you but virtue of the pen that which you did not know'. The angel then disappeared.

This Divine incident so affected Rasulullah  that he hurried home where he asked his beloved wife Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) to cover him with a blanket. When he had calmed down sufficiently, he related the incident to Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) who comforted him with words of praise, wisdom and encouragement.

When Rasulullah  said he was afraid for his life, Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) consoled him with the words: 'No, no. On the contrary, you should feel happy. Allah will never forsake you because you have been loving, helpful, truthful, and you possess the sublime character which no other man possesses, and you are 'JUST'.

Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.) took Rasulullah  to her cousin Waraqah-bin-Nawfal, who at once confirmed the signs of prophethood and he stressed that Rasulullah  would be persecuted by his own people. Inspite of this warning Rasulullah  continued to visit the Cave of Hira (Jabl-e-Noor).

After this granting of apostleship, Rasulullah  began to preach Islam. The first man to become a Muslim was his closest friend Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) and first women was his beloved wife Hazrat Khadeejah (R.A.. Others who became Muslims willingly were Hazrat Ali-ibn-Abu Taalib (R.A.) the young cousin of Rasulullah , and Hazrat Zaid-bin-Harith (R.A.) the freed slave of Rasulullah. 

The influence of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) was so strong that all his associates embraced Islam at his request. Among them were Hazrat Uthmaan-ibn-Affan (R.A.), and Hazrat Abdul Rahmaan-bin-Auf (R.A.), and Hazrat Zubayr-bin-Awwam (R.A.).

PREACHING

At first Rasulullah  began to preach secretly and quietly among his relatives and friends. The sincere support of his dearest friends and companion Hazrat Abu Bakar (R.A.) was a pillar of strength for him in his efforts.

Soon there was a small group of Muslims comprising of men and women, both young and old, and a few children. The fear of non-believers drove the Muslims to pray secretly in valleys and ravines of the surrounding mountains. For three years they practiced their 'Deen' in secrecy. Gradually, those who were disgusted with the practice of idolatry also came into the fold of Islaam.

In the meantime, during these three years, every group and society in the Quraish were discussing the new religion and scoffing at it in mockery.

The first violent confrontation came when some of the Quraish came upon a few Muslims in a hidden valley and forcibly tried to stop them from praying. Hazrat Saad-bin Waqqaas (R.A.) drew his sword and one of the Quraish was wounded.

Once Abu Taalib found the Muslims in salaat in a valley. He inquired about the new religion and Rasulullah  invited him to embrace Islam. But Abu Taalib politely declined saying that he did not wish to forsake the religion of his ancestors.

Subsequently, Rasulullah  was commanded by Allah to preach openly. When Rasulullah  addressed, the tribes of Makkah from the top of Mount Safaa, Abu Lahab of the Quraish cursed Rasulullah  and it was at this stage that Allah revealed Sura 'Lahab'. Twice again Rasulullah  tried to address his own people, but Abu Lahab again scoffed and sneered at Rasulullah  .

Thereafter, Rasulullah  preached regularly  at the house of Al-Arqam-bin-Abil-Arqam near the foot-hills of the Safaa Mountains. This place of learning was also referred to as 'Dar-ul-Arqam'.

TWO STALWARTS OF
ISLAM

One day Abu Jahl, a sworn enemy of islam, attacked Rasulullah  while he was resting near the foot-hills of Safaa. His verbal abuse could not move the determined Rasulullah  so Abu Jahl hurled a stone and wounded him on his head. Rasulullah  went home bleeding profusely.

Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) who was the foster brother and uncle of Rasulullah  had just returned after one of his daily hunting trips in the morning. He was considered one of the bravest and fiery soldiers of Arabia. After his hunt, as was his habit, he went to the Ka'bah for his circumambulation (Tawaaf). When he heard what Abu jahl had done to Rasulullah  he became so angry that he attacked Abu jahl and made him bleed from his head. Although Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) had as yet not embraced islam, he nevertheless loved his nephew Rasulullah  very dearly. On reporting to Rasulullah  of his revenge against Abu jahl, Rasulullah  said although he was very grateful for the kind thoughts he had for him, he would feel very happy indeed if Hazrat Hamzah (R.A.) accepted islam. On hearing this, Hazrat Hamzah (R.A.) immediately became a Muslim.

Hazrat Umar (R.A.) was considered a brave, robust personality of Makkah. He was so temperamental that the people of Makkah would avoid clashing with him in any way. He was one of the Quraish who persecuted the Muslims and was incited in this direction to such an extent that one day. he decided once and for all to assassinate Rasulullah . Abu jahl promised Hazrat Umar (R.A.) a gift of a hundred camels and one thousand silver coins.

On his way to Darul-Arqam with an unsheathed sword, he met Nuaym-bin-Abdullah, who on hearing Hazrat Umar (R.A.)'s intention replied that Hazrat Umar (R.A.) 'should first put his own house in order'. His sister Hazrat Fathima (R.A.) and her husband Hazrat Saeed-bin-Zayd (R.A.) had already embraced Islam.

This rebellion by his own family   infuriated Hazrat Umar (R.A.) that he turned towards his sister's house and on hearing them recite the Quraan, he beat his sister and her husband so severely that they collapsed. They told him that they would rather prefer death than give up Islam. At their unshaken attitude, Hazrat Umar (R.A.) calmed down and asked to hear what they were reading. When he heard the recital of the Quraan, he decided to become a Muslim.

With the unsheathed sword still in his hand, he turned towards Darul-Arqaam. On arriving at the house of Hazrat Arqaam (R.A.) Rasulullah  enquired about Hazrat Umar (R.A.)'s intention, while Hazrat Hamzah (R.A.) and other companions stood warily to meet any ill-intended move by Hazrat Umar (R.A.). But when they heard that he had come to Rasulullah  to accept Islam, they were so overwhelmed and overjoyed that their cry of 'Allah is Great'  echoed throughout the valleys and mountains os Safaa. This was the sixth year of Nubuwwat.

TORTURE AND PERSECUTION

The acceptance of Islam by Hazrat Umar (R.A.) had significant effect on the handful of Muslims of Makkah, who, till now, had to observe secrecy in the worship of Allah. Their spirt and courage had risen to such an extent that they risked going out of Dar-ul-Arqam to preach Islam.

The Quraish tried to bribe Rasulullah  to forego Islam in exchange for gifts of wealth or any thing he would like. But they failed to persuade him to agree to anything that would be harmful to Islam. With Hazrat Umar (R.A.) and Hazrat Hamzah (R.A.) now fully united into the fold of Islam, the Quraish turned to torture and persecution of the lowest degree and of the most brutal kind.

Hazrat Bilal (R.A.), the slave of Umayya-bin-Khalaf, was laid flat on his back on hot sand. A hot heavy stone was placed on his chest and he was beaten while his hands were tied behind his back.

Hazrat Uthman (R.A.), a rich and prosperous man of the Banu Umayya tribe was tied up with ropes by his uncle and beaten and tortured.

Hazrat Zubayr-bin-Al Awwam (R.A.) was rolled in a mat and forced to inhale smoke until he suffocated. Hazrat Abuzar Ghiffary (R.A.) belonged to the Ghaffar tribe of Madinah. On hearing of Rasulullah , he travelled all the way from Madinah to meet Rasulullah . On their first meeting, Hazrat Abuzar (R.A.) accepted Islam and with the joy of Islam in his heart, he went to the Ka'bah and recited the Kalimah and an Aayat of the Quraan in a loud, clear voice. The Quraish who were present at the Ka'bah, immediately set upon him and beat him unconscious. Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) who was not a muslim as yet, recognised Hazrat Abuzar (R.A.) from whose tribe the Quraish bought dates and Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) stopped the Quraish from assaulting him further. This saved Hazrat Abuzar (R.A.)'s life and he returned to Madinah a more determined Muslim inspite of the torture inflicted upon him.

Hazrat Ammar (R.A.), his father Hazrat Yaasir (R.A.) and his mother Sumayyah (R.A.) had embraced Islam. Abu Jahl killed Hazrat Sumayya (R.A.) with a sharp spear in such a shameful manner that there is on parallel of such torture in history.

Abu Jahl also took beastly delight in beating slave lady, Hazrat Zaeerah (R.A.) in such a way that she became totally blind.

Some helpless Muslims like Hazrat Khabbab-bin-Aett (R.A.) were secured and pushed into a flaming fire.

MIGRATION (HIJRAT) TO

ABYSSINIA

In the fith year of Nubuwwat, when the persecutions by the Quraish became intolerable, Rasulullah  gave permission to the Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia (Ethiopia), the kingdom of king Negus (Najjashi), situated in the north-east of Africa. In the first group that decided to leave were people of respectable families and people of good standing in the community. Hazrat Uthman-bin-Affan (R.A.) his wife Ruqayyah (daughter of Rasulullah  ) Hazrat Huzayfa-bin-Utbah (R.A.).,  Hazrat Abdullah-bin-Mas'ood (R.A.) and Hazrat Abdul Utbah (R.A.) were part of this group.

When this group left for Jeddah to embark for Abyssinia, they were followed by the cruel Quraish. Fortunatley their ship sailed before the Quraish could lay hands on the Muslims.

When they reached Abyssinia, king Negus (Najjashi) welcomed them in a friendly way and they began to live peacefully. Later, other Muslims followed until there were about Eighty-three in Abyssinia.

A few months after this migration (Hijjrah), the Muslims heard a a rumor that the whole tribe of the Quraish had become Muslim, and that Makkah was now safe for the Muslims. A few Muslims returned to Makkah only to find that this was not true. So they went back to Abyssinia with a few more Muslims who wished to escape from the persecution of the Quraish. This was known as the second Migration to Abyssinia.

It was obvious that the Quraish would not be satisfied until they had eliminated all signs of Islam form Arabia and the neighbouring countries. The Quraish sent envoys to King Negus (Najjash) telling him that the Muslims who had arrived were rebel slaves and that he should deport them back to Makkah for punishment. But Hazrat Jafar-bin-Abi Talib RA 's sincere explanations to the king thwarted the insinuations of the Quraish and King Negus allowed the Muslims to stay on in Abyssinia.
This was the sixth year of Nubuwwat and it was at this time that Hazrat Hamzah RA had embraced Islam.

BOYCOTT

The Muslims were a very small minority but they drew their strength from their firm belief in Allah and also that Hazrat Hamza (RA) and Hazrat Umar (RA) had joined their ranks. They also mustered up enough courage to offer salaat in the Ka'bah.

The Quraish were in a dilemma and claimed that not all the people of Banu Hashim and Banu Abu Talib were Muslims. Yet they would not dare to attack the Muslims for fear of Hazrat Hamza RA and Hazrat Umar RA.
They demanded of Abu Talib unless he handed over Rasulullah  to them, the whole Banu Hashim family of Makkah  will be subjected to a general boycott and isolation. The boycott would also include all those who sympathies with the Muslim cause.

Consequently all the heads of the Quraish met and drew up a 'charter' to publish a complete list of items of boycott. The list included among other things, the prohibition of: associating or greeting any Muslim; marriage with a Muslim; socializing; buying and selling; the supply of any kind of food. The charter was signed by all the heads of the Quraish and sworn upon. It was hung in the Ka'bah for the notice of all.

Thus for three long years, from the seventh year of Nubuwwat to the tenth year of Nubuwwat, the Muslims suffered severe hardship, starvation and privacy, want of clothing and bare necessities. Abu Talib had moved the Banu Hasim family to 'Sh'ob-e-Abu Talib', a secluded place of safety. The stock of grain which Abu Talib had gathered was soon used up and there was not a grain of food left. Some Muslims ate leaves of trees, and men women children were thin and weak from starvation.

In the tenth year of Nubuwwat, the remainder of the Banu Hashim tribe in Makkah could not bear to see the hardship suffered by Rasulullah  and his family. Hisham-ibn-Amr-Rabeeah began a campaign to end the boycott . He was supported by Abu Baukhtari-bin-Hishaam and Zam'a-bin-Aswad. They carried this campaign to the Ka'bah before the Quraish.

Meanwhile Rasulullah  declared the message of Allah, that the 'Charter' hanging in the ka'bah had no validity because only the word 'Allah' had remained while all the other writings were destroyed by white ants. It was thus that the boycott came to an end.

In the same year of Nubuwwat, in the month of Rajab, Abu Talib took ill. The Quraish on the other hand, continued their persecution and harassment of the Muslims.

LOSS OF TWO FRIENDS

With the end of the boycott of Muslims, it was presumed that the Quraish would at least relax  their opposition to Islam. But this was not to be. On the contrary, the Quraish did not relent but continued their persecution.

In the tenth year of Nubuwwat, Abu Talib became ill and weak and he was eighty years old. The hardship and responsibilities during the year of the boycott had taken its toll on him. He had sacrificed the remainder of his life for the sake of his nephew Rasulullah  because he loved him more dearly than any of his own children. He became very ill and passed away in the month of Rajab in the tenth year of Nubuwwat. The Quraish also conceded that Abu Talib was the greatest leader of the Banu Hashim tribe.

On the death of Abu Talib, the Quraish took it for granted that the way was now clear for them to put an end to the Muslim campaign.

Two months later, Hazrat Khadija (R.A.) also passed away on 10 Ramadhan. She was dearly loved by Rasulullah  and was a tower of strength to him in times of trials and sufferings. She was the first to embrace Islam when the call came. She had encouraged him to pursue the path of Allah and had shared all his discomforts. It was a sad moment for  Rasulullah  to loose dearly loved friends at a time when the Quraish were becoming ruthless each day.

JOURNEY TO TA'IF

Since the prophet hood of Rasulullah  the call to Islam had been limited to the people of Makkah and other tribes who repeatedly visited the Ka'bah annually for their pilgrimage. The persecutions of the Quraish were so harsh in Makkah that Rasulullah  decided to turn to the people of Ta'if, a town about forty eight kilometers from Makkah.

The residents of Ta'if were worshippers of the idol latt. On reaching Ta'if, Rasulullah  met the leaders of the town among whom the most prominent were three brothers, Abdiya Lail, Mas'ud and Habeeb who belonged to the Bani Thaqeef tribes, On preaching to them, he found them proud and arrogant. They taunted Rasulullah  in the most abusive manner. Not being satisfied with their verbal criticism, they embarked upon one of the most violent and disgraceful attack on the person of Rasulullah .

They encouraged their slaves, boys and girls, and vandals and scum of Ta'if to pursue and torture Rasulullah  until he left Ta'if. The mob  followed Rasulullah   and his faithful assistant Hazrat Zaid-bin-Harith (R.A.), until they reached the border of Ta'if. The crowd had swelled behind them and they were continuously pelted with dirt, pebbles and stones. Hazrat Zaib (R.A.) tried his utmost to protect Rasulullah  who was bleeding so profusely that the blood from his body ran down into his sandals and clotted up in his feet.

Rasulullah  was in such a strait that he was partly conscious when an angel appeared before him, offering to bring down a whole mountain on the doers of such a dastardly attack on an innocent man. Rasulullah  refused this Divine help and instead, prayed that one day all the people of Ta'if would become Muslims.

At length, Rasulullah  and Hazrat Zaid-bin-Harith (R.A.) took refuge in the orchard of Utba-bin-Rabeeah, who had seen their plight and, in accordance with Arab hospitality. he sent his Christian slave Addaas with a plate full of grapes for them. Rasulullah  preached to Addaas who accepted Islam inspite of the warning given to him by his master Utba-bin Rabeeah.

That evening they reached Nukhla, and in the dead of night, while they were in salaat and reciting Quraan, seven leaders of the Jinnat of Naseebeen approached Rasulullah  and became Muslims. The Quraan also mentioned this fact in Sura Al-Jinn.

ME'RAJ (ASCENSION)

The tenth year of Nubuwwat was also of great significance, since, in this year, in the month of Shawwal, Rasulullah  made nikah with Hazrat Aisha-binte-Abu-Bakr (R.A.) and Sawdah-binte-Zam'a (R.A.)

In this same year on the 27 Rajab, while he was asleep, he was awakened by Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S.) who took him to the heavens where he was shown the glory of Allah's creation and the Jannah (Paradise) and Jahannam (Hell).

His journey started from between the Ka'bah known as 'Muqam-e-Ibrahim', an area where Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S.) had rested while he was building the Ka'bah.

Accompanied by Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S), Rasulullah  mounted the lightning 'Buraaq', the winged horse, and visited  the Masjid-e-Aqsah in Jerusalem where he led all the Prophets in the performance of two rakat Nafil Salaat.

After the Saalat, Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S.) took Rasulullah  through the heavens where he met one prominent Prophet in each stage of the heavens until they reached 'Sidrat-ul-Muntaha', a stage in the seventh heaven, where Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S.) left Rasulullah  to proceed alone to his Divine Meeting with Allah.

It was at this meeting that the 'Five' times Saalat was ordered for the Muslims as a special gift.
In the morning, when Rasulullah  related about his Ascension, the Quraish would not believe what they heard. They cross examined Rasulullah  and tried to prove him wrong. Rasulullah  proved that a caravan headed for Makkah was in a certain position and would reach Makkah at a certain time. This was confirmed true and the Quraish were held spellbound by this disclosure.The Quraish challenged Hazrat Abu  Bakr (R.A.) to support the statement of his close friend Rasulullah . Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) was bold in accepting whatever Rasulullah  said. From then onward, by virtue of this acceptance of any word of Rasulullah  Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) earned the title 'Siddique' (A Faithful Witness of the Truth).

The Me'raj (Ascension) was such a Divine miracle that Rasulullah  admitted that on his return, he found that his bed had not lost its warmth.

THE FIRST COVENANT OF AQABAH

At the end of the eleventh year of Nubuwwat, the forty year war between the tribes of Aus and Khazraj of Madinah (Yathrib), had virtually ended and many tribes converged on Makkah for the pilgrimage, annually.

Rasulluah  used these opportune moments to go out of Makkah and into the camps of the visiting tribes to preach Islam, Abu Jahl and Abu Lahab continued their wicked campaign to defeat every effort of Rasulullah . But Rasulullah  avoided them and always slipped out in the dark towards the camps of the pilgrims.

It was here that the first six persons of the Khazraj tribe became Muslims at the valley of Aqaba and, the place which, later became the secret gathering place of Rasulullah  and the prospective Muslims of Madinah (Yathrib)

The following year twelve more people of the Khazraj tribe became Muslims and the First Pledge of Aqaba was taken.They pledged that: 1.We will not worship anyone but Allah. 2.We will not steal nor commit adultery. 3. We will not kill our little girls. 4.We will not defame anyone. 5. We will not backbite about anyone. 6. In our every deed, we will honour and submit to the word of Rasulullah .

Rasulullah  was requested to send one of his own companions to preach Islam in Madinah. Mus'ab- bin -Umayr was debuted for this purpose. Islam took root in Madinah and spread rapidly. Madinah was originally known as 'Yathrib' after an idol, but, after the arrival of Rasulullah , it was called ' Madinatun-Nabee', the city of the Nabee (Prophet).

SECOND COVENANT OF AQABAH

Madinah (Yathrib) was populated with many tribes, but most prominent were the tribes of Aus and Khazraj. There were also a separate section of Madinah which was dominated by the Jews.

The tribes of Khazraj was foremost in the quest for Islam and, very soon, Islam was growing roots among some of the tribes of Arabia.

As the thirteenth year of Nubuwwat drew to a close seventy Muslims, including two women, came to Makkah to perform pilgrimage and to meet Rasulullah  at Aqabah. This deputation of Muslims was led by Hazrat Mus'ab-bin-Umayr (R.A.) and they were specifically sent by the Muslims of Madinah to request Rasulullah  to migrate with them to Madinah.

Accompanied by Hazrat Abbas (R.A.), who had not as yet embraced Islam, Rasulullah  left Makkah at night to meet the deputation. Hazard Mus'ab-bin-Umayr (R.A.) was very cautious and thought it necessary to remind them that Rasulullah  was protected by the Hashimites in Makkah. The Muslims of Madinah would have to sacrifice their lives and face bloody wars for his protection. If they were prepared for the consequences then only should they ask Rasulullah  to leave Makkah.

Rasulullah  also stressed the serious risk they would be taking and the responsibilities that would confront the Muslims of Madinah.

The determined Muslims  pledged on the hand of Rasulullah  that they will sacrifice their lives to protect him and Islam, as they would their wives and children. This was the Second Covenant of Aqabah.

Rasulullah  chose twelve Muslims of Madinah for the propagation of Islam of whom nine were from the tribes of Khazraj. After the pledge had been taken, Rasulullah  decided to migrate to Madinah. His first thought was for all the Muslims of Makkah and their safety. He gave general directive to the Muslims to migrate. However, the Quraish devised tragic obstacles in the path of the Muslims, which resulted in heart-breaks, separations, beatings, the seizing of properties and personal belongings. Ultimately, there were only a few Muslims left in Makkah and Rasulullah  awaited the Divine guidance for his departure for Madinah.

HIJRAT TO MADINAH

All the Muslims of Makkah had departed except, Rasulullah , Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) and the youthful Hazrat Ali (R.A.). The Quraish were furious since they were not able to stop the mass exodus of Muslims to Madinah. They pondered over urgent ways and means to stop Rasulullah  from leaving Makkah.

A big conference of the leaders of Quraish was held at Dar-un-Nadwah and many resolutions were tabled to decide the issue. But, even the idea of banishment or exile of Rasulullah  was not entertained. One leader of the Quraish, Sheikh Najdy, suggested that every sign of Islam should be wiped off from the land of Arabia.

The assassination of Rasulullah  was the only way out for the Quraish. One youth from each clan was chosen to set upon Rasulullah  so that the Banu Hashim would not be able to hold any particular Quraish clan responsible for his death. It was decided to kill Rasulullah  that same night.

While Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) made all secret arrangements for the Hijrat, Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S.) forewarned Rasulullah  of the intention of the Quraish that night. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) slept in Rasulullah 's bed while Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) and Rasulullah  left Makkah unnoticed and took refuge in the Cave of Thoor which was about seven kilometers from Makkah. Rasulullah  recited Sura Ya'seen before he left Makkah. He had also instructed Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to return all the goods and property, which he had held in trust, to the rightful owners.

After a whole night's vigil on the house of Rasulullah , the Quraish were shocked in the morning to find only Hazrat Ali (R.A.) in the bed of Rasulullah . They began a desperate search of the countryside around Makkah and offered huge rewards for the capture of Rasulullah ,dead or alive.

The enemy was almost at the mouth of the Cave of Thoor. The fears of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) were set aside by the assurance of Rasulullah  that 'Allah is with us'

By a divine miracle, a spider had spun a web over the mouth of the cave and a pigeon had laid eggs in the nest close by. The cave looked undisturbed.

After three days, when it was felt safe to continue the Hijrat, Rasulullah  mounted his camel AL-QASWA while Hazrat Abu Bakr ( R.A.) and his assistant Hazrat Aa'mir-bin- Faheerah (R.A.) shared another mount. Abdullah-bin- Urayqit who was their guide, led the way towards Madinah. They followed a path which was not frequented by regular caravans.

At one stage, a Quraishi  horseman spotted them. His name was Suraaqah and his immediate thought were of the hugh reward offered for the capture of Rasulullah . But each time he charged, his horse's feet sank into the sand, and ultimately, he squirmed and shivered and asked forgiveness of Rasulullah 

On the sixth day of Hijrat, they reached Qubah on the border of Madinah. This was on 8th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, thirteen years after Nabuwwat. Rasulullah  stayed as the guest of Hazrat Kulsoom-bin-Hidum while Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) stayed at the house of Hazrat Habeeb-bin-Assaf (R.A.). During this very short stay in Qubah, Rasulullah  laid the foundation of the first mosque in Islam.

On Friday 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, Rasulullah  proceeded to Madinah and when it was time for Zohr prayer, he led the first Jum'a Namaaz with a hundred worshippers in an open field in the locality of Banu Saalim. After Namaaz, he mounted his camel again and proceeded further till he entered into Madinah the same evening. Every Muslim wanted to be his host. But his mount was under Divine Command and he vowed to stop only where his camel would stop. At length, the camel stopped near the house of Hazrat Abu Ayyub Ansari (R.A.) who welcomed Rasulullah  to his house.

The emigrant Muslims then living in Madinah were known as the 'Muhajirin' while the Muslims who offered their hospitality to the Muhajirin were known as 'Ansaar'. The Muslim Calendar began in this same year of Hijra.

ARRIVAL AT MADINAH

In the thirteenth year of Nabuwat the people of Madinah, young and old came into the blazing heat of the Arabian sun to scan the horizon for any signs of the arrival from Makkah, of the last of all Ambiyaa (Prophets) A.S. of Allah- Rasulullah Muhammad . When he did not arrive, the people returned to their homes to renew their watch the following morning.
Among these Madinites were Christians and Jews who were expecting the 'promised one' according to their belief, and the one who would look favourable towards their religion.

Their were also those who were anxious and curious to see what the new Rasool  of Allah looked like, and whose name had become a household word throughout the Arabian peninsula and also among the neighbouring countries.

Above all, the worry of the Muhajireen and Ansaar was so great that they prayed for the safe deliverance of their beloved Rasulullah  from the tormenting and vindictive Quraish of Makkah.

Meanwhile the clouds of panic among the Quraish were gathering fast. Fearful of the escape of Rasulullah , an assembly of the Quraish met at Dar-un-Nadwa, and some chiefs of other clans were invited to attend. The matter had become one of life and death. The meeting was violent, for fear had entered their hearts. Imprisonment for life, expulsion from the city, each was debated in turn. Assassination was then proposed; but assassination by one man would have exposed him and his family to the vengeance of blood. The difficulty was at last solved by Abu Jahl (Abu Hakam Umar bin Hishaam), who suggested that a number of courageous men, chosen from different families should unsheathe their swords simultaneously in Rasulullah 's bosom. In this way the responsibility of the action might rest upon all. The relations of Muhammed  (i.e. Banu Abdi Munaaf's tribe) might consequently be unable to avenge his death. This proposal was accepted. A number of youths were selected for this sinister action. As the night advanced  the assassins posted themselves round Rasulullah 's dwelling. Thus they watched all night long, waiting to murder him when he should leave his house in the early dawn, peeping now and then through a hole in order to make sure that he still lay on his bed. But Rasulullah  had already received the Divine warning of the attempt on his life. At the same time he also received a Divine Command to migrate that very night. Rasulullah  asked Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to spend the night in his bed. Rasulullah  also asked Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to return all the goods and property that was left in trust with him.

Rasulullah  then read the first nine verses of Surah Yaaseen on a handful of sand and threw it on the would be assassins forming a tight cordon around Rasulullah 's house. Allah made them all temporarily blind Rasulullah  practically walked past them without the enemies knowing, and Rasulullah  proceeded to the house of his close companion Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.)
Allah says in the Quran:
      Remember how the Unbelievers plotted against
      you, to keep you in bounds, or slay you, or to get you
      out (of your home), they plot and plan, and Allah too
      plans, but the best of planners is Allah.
                                      (Surah: Anfal-v:30)

On reaching the house of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.), Rasulullah  found his dearest friend in readiness for Hijrat. His joy knew no bounds and tears welled up in the eyes when Rasulullah  told him he was to be his traveling companion. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) informed Rasulullah  that he had bought and fattened two dromedaries (camels) for this very journey. One was a gift for Rasulullah . But Rasulullah  insisted on paying for the camel. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) reluctantly accepted a payment for it. Hazrat Asma binte Abu Bakr (R.A.) also prepared ample provision for the journey.

Cautiously the two friends set off. Having lived in Makkah for fifty three years, Rasulullah  was so overwhelmed with emotion that he turned his head towards Makkah and exclaimed:
                       'By Allah! you are the best of lands and most
                        beloved to Allah. If I were not compelled to leave
                        I would never have forsaken you'.

They proceeded for the cave of Thoor, a cave situated five kilometers from Makkah. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) quickly cleaned the cave and made Rasulullah   as comfortable as he could while he shielded him from any danger from outside. By a Divine phenomenon, a spider spun a web across the mouth of the cave and a pigeon laid eggs in a nest at the very entrance.

A person passed the house of Rasulullah  and seeing the tight cordon of the Quraish warriors, he asked them what they were doing. He was told that they were going to assassinate Rasulullah . The passer-by informed them that they were wasting their time because Rasulullah  had already departed. Enraged the Kuffaar broke into the house and found Hazrat Ali (R.A.) in bed. More determined than ever to capture Rasulullah , they offered a huge price of one hundred camels to the person who brings them the Prophet  -dead or alive.

The enemy came close to the cave but decided that no one could possibly have entered the cave without disturbing the web or the nest. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.)'s fears were raised when he heard the enemy outside the cave. But Rasulullah  consoled him with the words:
                      'Do not fear, for Allah is with us'.
Mention of this event has been made in the Qur'aan
                       If you help not (your leader), (it is no matter): for
                       Allah did indeed help him, when Unbelievers drove
                       him out: he had no more than one companion; they
                       were two in the cave and he said to his companion,
                       'Have no fear, (for) Allah is with us'
                                  (Sura: Taubah v:40).

Hazrat Abdullah bin Abu Bakr (R.A.) patrolled the streets of Makkah daily and at night would inform Rasulullah  and Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) of the movement of the Kuffaar. Amir bin Fuhairah, a shepherd would daily feed them with goat milk.

After three days, when it seemed that it was safe enough for them to emerge from the cave, Abdullah bin Areeqat, a friendly and trusted guide, led them along the west coast of the Arabian peninsula, using a path less frequented by regular travellers.

However, when they had travelled some distance, a Quraish warrior, Suraqqa bin Malik, attempted to attack Rasulullah  in the hope of collecting the price of one hundred camels offered by the Quraish.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.)'s  fears were increased and he said to Rasulullah  :
        'This man has come in search of us'
Rasulullah  made dua and the feet of Suraqaa bin Malik's horse sunk knee length into the rocky ground. At last trembling with fear, he asked forgiveness of Rasulullah  and returned to Makkah with the promise to dissuade any enemy in pursuit of Rasulullah  .

The first signal of their arrival in Quba, situated five kilometres to the south of Madinah, which was well known for its beauty and fertility was greeted by a Jew watching on a tower who first saw Rasulullah  and called out.
             'O Muslims here comes the saviour whom you were waiting for'.

The prophecy of the book 'People of the Book' was now being fulfilled by the following Qur'aanic verse:
                   'Those to whom We have given the Book
                    Know this as they know their own sons'.
                                       (Surah: Al-Anaam v:20)

Rasulullah  was warmly welcomed by the Muslims in Quba. Hazrat Kulthoom bin Hadam (R.A.) had the honour of hosting Rasulullah . During his stay for fourteen days in Quba, Rasulullah  laid the foundation of the first Masjid of his Prophethood, Masjid-e-Quba. Allah refers to this in the Qur'aan in the following manner:
                  'There is a Masjid whose foundation was laid from
                   the first day on piety'.
                                  (Surah: Taubah v:108)

While in Quba the youthful Hazrat Ali (R.A.) joined Rasulullah . Hazrat Ali (R.A.) had been severely maltreated by the Quraish after their disappointment at Rasulullah 's escape. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) fled from Makkah and journeyed on foot, hiding himself in the daytime and travelling at night, least he should fall into the hands of the Quraish. Before leaving Makkah , Hazrat Ali (R.A.) duly carried out the instructions of Rasulullsh  of returning all the valuables to their respective owners who had kept their items in trust with Rasulullah .

Rasulullah  entered Madinah on Friday 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal 623 A.D. It was time for Zohar salaah while he was in the Banu Salim locality. He dismounted from his camel 'Al-Qaswa'. and led the first Jumuah Khutba (Sermon) in Madinah in an open field . In later years, a Masjid was built on this site. Remounting his camel, Rasulullah  proceeded further into Madinah.Since many people had not seen Rasulullah  before, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) discreetly kept behind Rasulullah  and every know and then used a sheet over the head of Rasulullah  to shelter him from the scorching sun. This showed the people the difference between himself  and the Rasulullah  of Allah.

MASJID-E-NABAWI

Immediately on his arrival in Madinah, Rasulullah 's first Divine urge was to build a Masjid. The vacant site adjoining the house of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansaari (R.A.) was the ideal place. The young Ansaari orphans, Sahil and Suhailbin Amr Najjari, were the owners of this piece of land. The orphans and their guardian. Mu'aaz bin Ufra offered to donate the land for the Masjid. But Rasulullah  preferred to buy it and Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) immediately paid the agreed ten dinars for it.
A few graves of the idolatrous were leveled out and some date palms were cleared away. The building of the Masjid had a deep effect on the lives of the Sahaaba (R.A.) because Rasulullah  personally worked like an ordinary artisan with them. The walls were of mud bricks and the up-right columns were shaped from trunks of date palms. The leaves of date palms were used for the roof. The Masjid had three entrances: one was 'Babul Rahmat' (gate of blessings); another was 'Babul Nabee'(gate of Nabee ) which is today known as 'Babul -Jibra'eel and the third  entrance was at the rear of the building.

In the eastern section of the Masjid were the 'Hoojra' (private apartments) for the family of Rasulullah . One was for Hazrat Aisha binte Abu Bakr bin Abu Kuhafa (R.A.) and another or Hazrat Sauda binte Zam'ah (R.A.). In due course, Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Zaid bin Harith (R.A.) and Hazrat Abu Raa'fe (R.A.) to Makkah with two camels and five hundred dirhams for provisions and expenses to bring Hazrat Fatima (R.A.), Hazrat Umme Kulthum (R.A.), Hazrat Sauda binte Zam'ah (R.A.), Hazrat Usaama bin Zaid (R.A.) and Hazrat Zaid (R.A.)'s mother Hazrat Umme Aymen (R.A.).
Hazrat Zainb binte Muhammed (R.A.) could not come as her husband, Abdul As ibn Rabi did not give her permission to go to Madinah.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.)'s family also arrived at about this time to Madinah and his daughter Hazrat Aisha binte Abu Bakr (R.A.) was with them. The family of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) stayed in the home of Hazrat Harith bin No'maan (R.A.) from the Banu Najjar clan. The nikah of Rasulullah  to Hazrat Aisha (R.A.) had taken place in Makkah in the tenth year of Nabuwat after the demise of Hazrat Khadija binte Khuwaylid (R.A.). Hazrat Aisha (R.A.) was very young at the time. She went as a bride in the first year of Hijrat to Rasulullah  when Masji-e-Nabawi was ready. Hazrat Aisha binte Abu Bakr (R.A.) was very intelligent and therefore derived great wisdom and learning in the company of Rasulullah , who loved her very dearly. In later years, her knowledge and understanding of Islam in its pure form proved to be of great inspiration to the Sahaaba (R.A.) and the Tabi'een (successors of the companions of Rasulullah .) The sublime character of Hazrat Aisha (R.A.), her devotion to Rasulullah , her virtue, intelligence and eloquence was unparalleled in history. She was only eighteen years of age when Nabi  passed away. She related 2210 Ahaadith (recorded words, actions and sanctions of Rasulullah . She passed away in Hijri 57 at the age of sixty five.

In one section of the Masjid, a raised platform was built for the Ashaab-as-Suffah- this a place  made for those poor Muslim who had dedicated their lives to the cause of Islamic education; theology; preaching of Islam; memorizing  of verses of the Qur'aan as and when revealed to Rasulullah ; compiling of the Adhaadith in its pristine form; recording of every action and deed of their beloved Rasulullah  for posterity. Hazrat Abu Hurairah (R.A.) related that there were 70 Sahaaba who were the people of Suffah. He was one of them.

They were very humble and very often went without a full meal for the day. They never stretched their hands to anyone for charity, but labored to earn a living by collecting firewood and selling it in the market-place to provide food for all the Companions (R.A.)

When the Masjid was completed, the need arose for regular 'Jamaa'ah'. Rasulullah  asked the Sahaaba (R.A.) to formulate some method of getting the Muslims together for salaah.

The Ashaab-as-Suffah volunteered to round up the Muslims for salaah, but this was time consuming and not effective. Other suggestions that came forth were: the beating of drums; the ringing of the bell like the Christians; the light of fire like the Zoroastrians; blowing of the horn like the Jews. Rasulullah  rejected all these suggestions and Hazrat Bilal bin Rabah Habshi (R.A.) was asked to call out 'Assalaatu-Jaamiah' for the time being. In the second year of Hijrat, when the numbers in the Muslim rank were increasing the need was felt for more effective manner in which to call the Muslims for prayer. One day, Hazrat Abdullah bin Zaid (R.A.) in his dream heard an angel instructing him on the wordings of the 'Azaan' (Call To Prayer). He related his experience to Rasulullah  who in turn asked Hazrat Bilal bin Rabah Habshi (R.A.) to learn the words and call the Azaan. When Hazrat Umar (R.A.) heard the Azaan, he rushed up to Rasulullah  and reported that he had also heard the same Azaan in his dream.
Hazrat Bilal (R.A.) became the first Muazzin in Islam. The powerful and melodious voice of Hazrat Bilal (R.A.), issuing from his strong lungs, resounded through the city of Madinah. The word of the Azaan: 'Allah is great! There is no God but Allah, Muhammed  is the Rasul Of Allah ! Come to Salvation!' The words of the Azaan echoed in all the dwellings, and this caused every citizen to inhale with delight the refreshing scent of prayer.

At first the 'Qibla' in Madinah was towards Jerusalem, but later Allah commanded Rasulullah  to face the Ka'bah and perform salaah, Allah says in Sura Baqara:
                  'We see the turning of your face to the heavens;
                    now We shall turn you to a Qibla that shall please
                    you. Turn then your face in the direction of the
                    sacred Masjid, and wherever you be, turn your face
                    in that direction'.
                                              (Sura: Baqara v:144)

The calculation of years by the Muslims had begun from the first year of Nabuwat (Prophethood). However, immediately after the Hijrat of Rasulullah , the year became known as Hijrat the first year of Hijrat being the year of the arrival Rasulullah  in Madinah. The name of the lunar months remained the same as were customary in Arabia before the advent of Islam. Muharram was the first month, followed by Safar, Rbi-ul-Awwal, Rabi-ul-Aakhir, Jamaadil-Awwal, Jamaadil-Akhir, Rajab, Sha'baan, Ramadhaan, Shawwal, Zilqa'dah and the last month Zil-hajj.

The Masjid-e-Nabawi was becoming the center of Islamic activity. The Muslims were zealously following the principles laid down by Rasulullah  from time to time. The Sahaaba (R.A.) witnessed with great admiration the simple and solemn marriage ceremony of Rasulullah 's fifteen years old daughter Hazrat Fatima (R.A.) to his twenty year old cousin Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A.). To raise the money for 'Mehr' (Dowry) Hazrat Ali (R.A.) sold his 'Zirrah' (chain armour) for 480 dirhams. For his part, Rasulullah  gave his daughter a 'Jehaz'(dowry) comprising of a bamboo and reed bedstead; a quilt of date-palm leaves; one leather water bag; two grindstones and two earthen water pots.

Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A.) lived with Rasulullah  since childhood. Now, that he was married, he was given an apartment by Hazrat Harith bin No'maan Ansaari (R.A.), whose buildings were situated behind Masjid-e-Nabawi. As the need arose he donated all these buildings, one after the other to Rasulullah  . These houses were to become the 'hoojarat' (apartments) of the family of Rasulullah  Rasulullah  turned his attention to the Muhajireen who were newcomers to Madinah. He did not wish them to become a burden and a liability to the ever hospitable Ansaar. He was also aware that not all the Ansaar were prosperous and wealthy. But the Muhajireen had sacrificed their land and homes, their families and friends, their valuables and made Hijrat for the pleasure of Islam.

Rasulullah assembled the Muhajireen and the Ansaar in Masjid-e-Nabawi and issued a proclamation.This was in the form of 'Mua'khaat'(brotherhood) which is hailed as one of the greatest gifts of Rasulullah  to the future Muslims of the world. He ordained that they should pair off in couples consisting of a man of the Muhajireen and an Ansaar.

The degree of devotion attained by this brotherhood of religion was stronger than the ties of blood. All these men's hearts, united in the love of Allah were now nothing more than a single heart, beating in different breasts. Each man loved his brother better than himself, and an islamic brotherhood was established.

Among the brotherly unions, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) was taken by Hazrat Kharijah bin Zaid (R.A.); Hazrat Umar (R.A.) by Hazrat Uthman bin Malik; Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (R.A.) with Hazrat Sa'ad bi Muaz (R.A.) Hazrat Uthman bin Affan (R.A.) with Hazrat Aus bin Nijjar (R.A.); Hazrat Abudurrahman bin Auf (R.A.) with Hazrat Sa'ad bin Rabie (R.A.).

The Allah-fearing Muhajireen did not take undue advantage of all the facilities offered to them. On the contrary, they labored and persevered and were soon able to fend for themselves. Some Muhajireen borrowed just enough money from his 'brother' Ansar to begin trade. Later they were able to repay their loans and become independent and wealthy Muslims.

The Qur'aan refers to this 'Mua'khaat' as follows:
      'Those who believed, and adopted exile and fought
       for the faith, with their property and their persons, in
       the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave
       (them) refuge and aid, these are all brothers one of
        another'
                          (Surah: Anfal v:72)

When in later years, the Jews left Madinah, many of the properties and orchards were allotted to the Muhajireen and the proclamation on 'inheritance' during the Mua'khaat was replaced. In every instance, the Muhajireen gratefully repaid their obligations to Ansaar.

TREATY (PACT) WITH THE JEWS

Madinah was an international centre. The Jews were very influential in trade and economy, and were money lenders charging enormous interest in their financial dealings. Moreover, being the 'People of the Book' (Ahle-Kitab), they were well versed in literature and learning.

According to their beliefs, the Jews were confident that the 'promised prophet', Rasulullah  would support them in their lost prestige. At first they were inclined to look with some favour on the teachings of Rasulullah .In their view he could not, of course, become their promised 'Messiah'. Rasulullah  might become their avenger, help them in conquering the Arabs and find for them the new kingdom of Judah. With this aim in view, they had joined the Madinities in a half-hearted welcome to Rasulullah  for a time they maintained a peaceful attitude. But it was only for a time, for barely a month had gone by before the old spirit of rebellion, which had led them to try to crucify their prophet, found vent in open uproar and secret treachery.

The Jews lived in well built fortresses. Their chief tribes were Banu Nadhir, Banu Quinuqa and Banu Quraizah. There were also many Christians in Madinah who were not in very good terms with the Jews because of their religious differences. The Christians were also foretold in their New Testament of the coming of the 'last of all prophet' who would lead them to the straight path of Allah. But when Rasulullah  refused to accept their belief of Hazrat Isa (A.S.) being the 'son of God' they also turned their backs on the Muslims.

There were idolaters too in Madinah who were considered weak and insignificant. But those who became Muslims began to develop a sense of confidence and belonging as a nation and people who are being delivered from evil.

The tribes of Aus and Khazraij were mostly farmers, they were very disunited. Their warring attitude towards one another left them weak and of no importance in Madinah. But when these tribes embraced Islam and swelled the ranks of the Muslims, they became a powerful force to be reckoned with.

One of the first acts of Rasulullah  after arriving in Madinah was to weld together the different tribes and conflicting groups of people of which the city and its suburbs were made upof, into an orderly confederation. It was Rasulullah 's greatest desire that there should be peace and harmony in Madinah and the Muslims should be able to pursue the worship of Allah without hindrance from any quarter. At the same time he desired that others of different faiths should be able to live their own lives freely and peacefully.

Rasulullah  exerted all his efforts in every direction to achieve stability and harmony in Madinah in order to propagate his Divine Message. As a precaution against any unforeseen confrontation, particularly from the Jewish people, Rasulullah  drew up a 'Treaty' which was signed by every ethnic group of Madinah, including the influential Jews.

The most important clauses of this Treaty were:
1. This is a document from Muhammed  the Rasul of Allah governing the relations between the believers and Muslims of the Quraish and Madinah and those who joined, and followed and laboured (fought) with them.
2. All the inhabitants of Madinah will be considered as one nation.
3. To the Jews who follow us belong help and equality. He shall not be wronged nor shall his enemies be aided.
4. The Jews shall have their freedom of their religion without any interference from anyone.
5. It shall be the duty of the members of this 'treaty' to defend their allies from any attacks from the enemies of Madinah.
6. No non-Muslim member shall give any assistance or protection to the Quraish of Makkah who were virtually at war with the Muslims.
7. The people of Madinah shall not interfere with the life or religion of each other.
8. They must seek mutual advice and consultation, and loyalty is a protection against treachery.
9. It shall be the duty of everyone to assist the poor and the oppressed.
10. Massacres and killing shall be strictly forbidden.
11. The parties and the 'Treaty' shall be responsible for the maintenance and peace and the valley of Madinah shall be a sanctuary for the people of this document.
12. If any dispute or controversy likely to cause trouble should arise, it must be referred to Allah and to Muhammed  the messenger of Allah.

A death-blow was thus given to that lawless custom of the Arabs, which had till now obliged the aggrieved and the injured to rely upon his own or the poor of his kinsmen in order to take vengeance or satisfy the requirement of justice. This document made Rasulullah  the chief magistrate of the nation.

Rasulullah  was also determined to include in the 'Treaty' other tribes living in the neighbourhood of Madinah. To achieve his objective, he journeyed to the strongholds of Banu Hamza-bin-Bakr; the people of Koh-e-Bawat; the Banu Mudallaj and others.

The ranks of the Muslims began to grow rapidly with most of the people of the tribes of Aus and Khazraj embracing Islam. By virtue of the 'Treaty' the Jews were reduced to a minority but they still held the economy of Madinah.

The Muslims were still hopeful that the Jews and Christians being the 'People of the Book' would one day accept Islam. But the Command of Allah proved this as wishful thinking and the Muslims realised that the Jews and Christians would never become friends of the Muslims Allah says:

                       'O you who believed! Take not the Jews and the
                        Christians for your friends and protectors: they are
                        but friends and protectors to each other'.
                                                                   (Surah: Maida v:54)

THE MUNAFIQEEN (HYPOCRITES)

Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool was a very prominent personality of Madinah. He was an intelligent, experienced and a very shrewd person. He had developed a great influence over the tribes of Aus and Khazraj. Whenever these warring tribes took up arms against each other, Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool intervened to bring about peace between them. All his efforts were directed to the fact that he be acknowledged the leader of Madinah. He had succeeded in this quest for fame to the extent that he was often addressed as the 'Prince of the Ansaar'.

Preparations were well under way for a magnificent coronation. A crown had been made for the occasion. It was at this stage that Rasulullah  arrived in Madinah. In due course, nearly all the people of Madinah including the Jews acknowledged Rasulullah  as their leader, and as the supreme authority on matters affecting the whole population of Madinah.

Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool's hopes of becoming king of Madinah and ambitions were dashed to the ground. But being a cunning person, he did not confront Rasulullah  and show his rivalry openly. He and his followers accepted Islam only by  name, in the heart they rejected Rasulullah  and his teaching. They were ever ready to turn against the Muslims at the first opportunity. They were a source of considerable danger to the new born commonwealth. Towards them (munafiqeen) Rasulullah  always showed the greatest patience and forbearance, hoping in the end to win them over to Islam.

When the Quraish of Makkah heard of the recognition of Islam and the acceptance of the leadership of Rasulullah  in Madinah, they were furious and turned to tactics of plotting and conspiracy. They sent threatening ultimatums to Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool and the Mushrikeens (infidels) of Madinah that unless they fought and drove out Rasulullah  , the Quraish would attack Madinah and kill all their young men and take their women folk.

In response to this threat, Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool gathered the depleted number of kuffar of Madinah and incited them to over power Rasulullah . On hearing this Rasulullah  went over to the gathering and addressed the people. He told them that it would be a foolish act to pay attention to the threat of the Quraish as this would bring disaster against all of them. He stressed the need for peace, since any attack against the Muslims of Madinah would only destroy their own kith and kin of the Aus and Khazraj tribe who had embraced Islam in great numbers. He reminded them of the 'Treaty' which had been signed by all the parties of Madinah. If  however, the Quraish persisted on their plan to attack Madinah, the Muslims would be prepared to repulse them.

The determination of Rasulullah  left Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool dumb-founded. He decided that it would be in his own interest to work from within the Muslims fold to pursue his worldly ambitions. With a group of his followers, he embraced Islam. These Munafiqeen began to spy on the Muslims and sow seeds of mutiny, revolt and mischief. They befriended the Jews and assured them that they were their ally against the Muslims. When in the company of the Muslims they expressed piety and holiness. The Qur'aan refers to this group of people as:

                           'Of the people there are some who say: we
                          believe in Allah and in the last Day;' but they do not
                             (really) believe'.
                             'They seek to deceive Allah and those who believe
                              but they only deceive themselves and realise (it)
                              not'.
                                                      (Surah: Baqarar v:8:9)

The Qur'aan refers to their activities as :
        When they meet those who believe, they say: 'We
         believe;' but when they are alone with their evil
         ones, they say: 'We are really with you. we (were)
           only jesting.'
                                    (Surah: Baqarar v:14)

The Muslims now had to contend with deception and danger of attacks from three fronts: (1) the Kuffar of Makkah; (2) the Jews in and around Madinah, inspite of the 'Treaty' with Rasulullah  and (3) the munafiqeen who reared their heads to strike whenever the opportunity presented itself.
After the revelation of Surah 'Munafiqun' the Muslim began to tread cautiously and kept a very close watch on the activities of the Munafiqeen.

Madinah developed into a center of the Muslim Empire. More and more Muslims were drawn towards Madinah and Rasulullah  vigorously expounded the principles of Islam to his faithful followers. Rasulullah  began to put into effect the Islamic administrative machinery which was to make Islam one of the greatest power of the world. It was a blessing for the Muslims to lead a chaste and Allah fearing life. Rasulullah 's teachings of the 'Five Pillars of Islam' changed the concept of life of the Arabs.

The five daily salaah was well established in Masjid-e-Nabawi. This brought about a close congregational spirit and harmony among Muslims. Saum (fasting) and Zakaah became compulsory. In this way, the feelings of compassion for the needy and less privileged were inculcated. The just laws of 'Nikah' (marriage), divorce and inheritance made family life secure and very pleasant.

Gambling, usury, vulgarity, intoxication, adultery. stealing, killing were punishable by stringent Islamic laws. While Islam continued to grow, Rasulullah  did not relax at any time from the ever lurking danger from the Kuffar, munafiqeen and the enemies of Islam.

It was during this period that a Jew of great learning and intellect, Hazrat Abdullah bin Salaam (R.A.) accepted Islam.

WARS WITH THE KUFFAAR

The Quraish had always considered themselves a superior race and looked down upon all the other tribes. It was beyond their comprehension that Rasulullah  was the cause of their failure and Islam was now firmly established in Madinah.

On one occasion when Hazrat Sa'ad bin Mu'az (R.A.) of the tribe of Aus went for Umrah to Makkah and was the guest of Ummayyah bin Khalaf. he was confronted by Abu Jahl who threatened him and said: 'Sa'ad, if you were not the guest of Umayyah, we would not have you return alive to Madinah because you have given shelter to the Muslims who are our 'enemies'.
To this Hazrat Sa'ad bin Mu'az (R.A.) replied :
'Abu Jahl, if you kill me, surely my people will avenge my death. If you stop us from performing our 'Umrah and 'Hajj', your trade routes will be closed'.

The Quraish could no longer tolerate the fact that the Muslims were safely settled in Madinah. If Rasulullah  succeeded in his Divine Mission the Quraish would lose their identity; their ancient religion; their popularity among the Arab tribes would lose recognition, moreover, they would lose the freedom of excreting usury, gambling and plunder as a means of livelihood. Wiping out Islam from the face of this earth was their only solution and objective.

As a precaution, Rasulullah  formed volunteer guards to patrol the city of Madinah and sometimes he himself joined them in this vigilance. Other groups were assigned to patrol the trade routes passing Madinah in order to check the movements of the Quraish.

Once, Kuruz bin Jaabir, a Quraish chief, raided the gazing grounds of Rasulullah  and drove away his camels. The Muslims went in pursuit and near Safwaan, managed to retrieve the animals, but Kuruz bin Jaabir escaped. This was known as 'Ghazwa-Bafre-Ulaa'.

In Rajab 2 A.H. Rasulullah  delegated Hazrat Abdullah bin Hajash (R.A.) with twelve other Sahaaba to proceed to Nakhla, a town between Makkah and Ta'if, to gather information on the movements and evil intentions of the Quraish. This secret mission was in itself dangerous in the localities of the Kuffaar and, if discovered, the Muslims faced sure death. Incidentally they encountered a Quraish trading caravan returning to Makkah. Fearing that the Kuffaar would be informed of their presence, Hazrat Abdullah bin Hajash attacked the traders, killing Amr in al-Hazramee, and taking two prisoners, Uthmaan bin Abdullah bin Mughirah and Hakam bin Kaisaan. They took away all their goods and returned to Madinah with the prisoners and goods.

Hearing of this, Rasulullah  expressed his disapproval of the attack by the Muslims because he had not given any permission to attack. He freed the prisoners and returned all their goods unconditionally. Hakam bin Kaisaan (R.A.) embraced Islam and later Uthman bin Abdullah bin Mughirah (R.A.) also embraced Islam.

The Muslims began to keep a stricter check on all Quraish trade caravans which passed Madinah. They knew that the Quraish would not stop striking at the Muslims anywhere and at any time. At the  same time the Muslims were aware that as yet, Rasulullah  had not received any revelations (Wahi) which permitted the Muslims to go into direct battles.

To avenge the death of Amr bin-al-Hazramee, the Quraish began earnest preparations to attack Madinah. Three months earlier, every man and women of the Quraish had invested all their capital in one of the richest trade caravan ever to go to Syria on a trade mission. They were now eagerly awaiting the return of this caravan which was bringing  back to them their profits and among other goods, armoury and weapons to fight against the Muslims. Abu Jail had declared war against the Muslims.

In the meantime, Rasulullah  eagerly awaited Allah's Command for Jihaad (religious war). The wahi is recorded in Surah Hajj of the Qur'aan thus:

'To those against whom war is made. permission is
 given (to fight) because they are wronged; and verily
 Allah is most powerful for their aid;
(They are) those who have been expelled from their
 homes in defiance of right, (for no cause) except
 that they say, 'Our Rabb is Allah'. Did not Allah
 check one set of people by means of another, there
 would surely have been pulled down monasteries,
 churches, synagogues and Masaajid in which the
 name of Allah is commemorated in abundant
 measure'.
                        (Surah: Hajj v39;40)

Periodically Rasulullah  was informed of the presence of the Kuffaar in some areas and he immediately dispatched expeditions to make certain the intention of the enemy.

In the sixth month of Hijri, thirty Muhajireen under Hazrat Hamza bin Abu Talib (R.A.) were sent to intercept a party of three hundred Kuffaar led by Abu Jahl at Saiful Bahr. A clash between the two parties was avoided by the intervention of Majdi bin Amr al-johnee, an ally of those who had singed the 'Treaty' of Madina

In the eighth month of Hijri, Rasulullah  sent a cavalry of eight Muhajireen under the command of Hazrat Ubaidah bin al-Harith to Raabigh. They came upon a group of two hundred Qiraishi who were with Abu Soofyaan bin Harab and Ikramah bin abi Jahl. No confrontation took place and the Muhajireen returned safely to Madinah.

In the ninth month of Hijri, Hazrat Sa'ad bin abi Waqaas was sent  with twenty men to Kharraar to intercept a party of Quraish. But the Quraish had already left the day before the Muslims returned to Madinah.

The expedition to Al Abwa against a Quraish group had a special significance because this was the first time Rasulullah  led an expedition personally. However, the Quraish had again fled. After spending fifteen days on his expedition, he returned to Madinah.

Thirteen months after Hijrat, Rasulullah  led a group of two hundred Sahaaba (R.A.) towards Bawat when news was briught to him of the presence of Umayya bin Khalaf and a hundred Quraish with a drove of two thousand five hundred camels. When Umayyah heard of the approach of the Muslims, he quickly disappeared from the place.

During the same month of Rabi-ul-Awwal, Rasulullah  went in pursuit of Kuruz bin Jabbir al-Fahri towards Safwaan, because he (Kuruz) had raided a section of Madinah on one occasion. However, he escaped and the Muslims returned to Madinah.

Rasulullah  stressed the fact to the Sahaaba (R.A.) that it was not the intention of the Muslims to use force and subjugate people into embracing Islam, and the 'Jihaad' literally meant 'effort'and endeavour'. He advised the Muslims to take every precaution against the conniving and ruthkess Kuffaar. Hence it was necessary to send out precautionary expeditions from time to time to safeguard Islam.

Battle of Badr

http://www.inter-islam.org/Seerah/iSeerah.html

THE BATTLE OF UHAD

   (SHAWWAAL 2 A.H.)

The inhabitant of Makkah could not forgive themselves for the defeat at Badr. Their notable leaders and chiefs were killed. It was bewilderingfor them to accept the fact that the most feared and powerful Quraish of Arabia were humiliated by a handful of ill-equipped men led by Rasulullah . Indeed the future seemed to them bleak. Their trade caravan dared not venture on the  road to Syria because of the Muslim victory at Badr. Ruin and famine stared them in the face. To guard against the expectant disaster they decided to spend the large profits made by their great caravan by arming an expedition which would avenge their dead and grant them commercial security.

Abu Soofyaan bin Harab the successor to Abu Jahl took the first step to venture again outside of Makkah. He gathered 200 men and led them out in secret in the direction of Madinah. Upon arrival in the vicinity of Madinah, they attacked a locality called Al-'Urayed at night. Only one Madinite and his gardener were in the locality at the time. They were killed and their house and orchard destroyed. Abu Soofyaan thought his vow to attack Rasulullah  had now been fulfilled, and he and his men therefore left the scene quickly, fearing pursuit by the Muslims. When the Muslims were alerted, they pursued Abu Soofyaan as far as Qarqarat al Kudr. In order to hasten their flight, Abu Soofyaan and his party every now and then threw away some of their provisions of wheat and barley flour. While the Muslims followed their trail they soon realized, however, that the Makkans had escaped, and they decided to return home.

By this raid Abu Soofyaan had sought to encourage the Quraish after their defeat at Badr and to recapture its lost pride. In fact, his plan turned against him and his flight from the Muslims brought further shame to the Quraish. Because of Al Sawiq (i.e. the flour), which the men of the Quraish dropped on their path, this expedition was given the name 'Al Sawiq Campaign'.

Rasulullah  was made aware by Divine revelation to what extent the kuffaar would harm his mission to spread the Commands of Allah. He ordered defensive expeditions to any point where the presence of the Quraish was made known. Among the trouble spots was Najd. Where the Bani Ghayafaan were stirring up hatred against the Muslims. In the month of Muharram 3 A.H. Rasulullah  took an expedition to Najd to deal with people of Ghatafan. Hazrat Uthman bin Affan (R.A.) was oppointed the Khalifa of Madinah in the absence of Rasulullah  . This expedition remained in Najd for a month and returned without any fighting.

Rasulullah  took another expedition in the month of Rabi-ul-Akhir to Buhraan where Banu Saalim were making plans against the Muslims. Hazrat ibn Umme Maktoom (R.A.) was made the khalifa of Madinah. This expedition also returned without any encounter. Expeditions to both these area saw the consolidation of the Muslim power without the use of any arms.

Rasulullah  also ordered the execution of Ka'ab bin Ashraf, a well known Jewish poet. He was a bitter enemy of Islam. He composed vile and indecent poems on the life of Rasulullah  and poems which slandered Muslim women. He was executed on the evening of Rabi-ul-Awwal 3 A.H. He was executed by Hazrat Muhammed bin Maslamah (R.A.) and his friends.

A group of Khazraj Muslims sought the permission of Rasulullah  to execute another kaafir, Abu Raf'e Sallam son of Abul Huqaiq of the Banu Nazir tribe. Detesting Rasulullah  and the Muslims, he made use of every opportunity to incite the neighbouring Arab tribes such as Sulaim and the Ghatafan against them. Abu Raf'e lived in a castle near Khaibar, four or five days journey to the northwest of Madinah. Hazrat Abdullah bin Ateeq (R.A.) a brave Muslim slipped past Abu Ra'fe's well-guarded gates at night. He climbed the uppermost storey and executed the kaafir in his luxurious quarters.
The Muslims kept strict vigil on trading routes which the Quraish used.

The Jewish tribes of Banu Qainuqa were goldsmiths by trade. Inspite of the 'Treaty' drawn up with them for peace, they were always arrogant and haughty. A Muslim women had gone into their market to sell milk and some Jews had insulted and humiliated her. A Muslim went to her rescue but the Jews killed him. The Muslim were so angered at this incident that Rasulullah  ordered the siege of their fortress in Madinah. After 16 days the siege was lifted and the Jews surrendered and begged for mercy. Abdullah bin Sulool, the munaafiq. who was the friend of the Jews pleaded with Rasulullah  that their (Jews) lives should be spared. The Banu Qainuqa were not to be trusted anymore Rasulullah  ordered their banishment from Madinah. The Jews then settled at Khaibar.

In the month of Shawwaal 3 A.H. Hazrat Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib who had as yet not embraced Islam, wrote an urgent message to Rasulullah  informing him of the activities of the Quraish who were bent on an attack on Madinah. Elaborate preparations were in progress; funds were collected, the profit of 50,000 dinars gained in the last trading caravan under Abu Soofyan bin Harab was being used for the war effort; poets were sent to other tribes, to Jews and Christians to enlist their support for the Quraish. Hinda the wife Abu Soofyaan, had lost her father Utba and brother Shaiba in the Battle of Badr, therefore she compelled Abu Soofyaan, the only leader of any repute of the Quraish, to take revenge.

A feverish activity was going on in Makkah. There were 3000 well trained and well equipped warriors, 700 of whom were in steel armour. They also had 200 horses and 3000 camels. Abi Rabi'a was appointed as the general. The women's thirst for revenge was equally fierce; and Hinda binte Utbah, wife of Abu Soofyaan bin Harab joined them, behind her a horde of her companions determined to stop any warrior who might be tempted to run away. In the fertile plains, north of Madinah, fellahs (agricultural labourers of Arabia) were peacefully engaged in their work of agriculture or watching over their gazing flocks, when all of a sudden the soldiers of Abu Soofyaan who had taken the greatest precautions to hide their rapid advance, marched from the ravines of the western mountains. All resistance being impossible, the ill-fated peasants fled in great haste to escape being massacred, and to warn their fellow citizens of the invasion of Allah's enemies.

The scouts of the Muslims reported to Rasulullah  of the kuffaar at Uhad. The Muslims posted guards on the boundaries of Madinah and around Masjid-e-Nabawi. Rasulullah  held consultation with the Sahaaba (R.A.). The Munafiqeen leader, Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool was also consulted as he was an experience person in warfare. Rasulullah  related a dream which he interpreted as 'blood-shed and suffering for the Muslims' if they fought outside of Madinah. Many elder Sahaaba (R.A.) and the Munafiqeen were also in favour of defending Madinah from within. But the younger Muslims and the Sahaaba (R.A.) who did not take part in Badr were determined to fight the enemy at Uhad on the battlefield. Hazrat Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) Hazrat Sa'ad bin Ubaada (R.A.) and Hazrat Naumaan bin Malik (R.A.) agreed with those who wanted to fight outside Madinah lest the enemy draw the conclusion that the Muslims were cowards. Seeing this determination, Nabi  agreed to go out to meet the enemy. Hurried preparations were made and one thousand people rallied round Rasulullah . He very reluctantly gave permission to a few very young boys who were good archers to come along with the general Muslim army. Before the Muslims could reach Uhad Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool, the Munafiq, returned to Madinah with 300 of his followers saying:
'Muhammed  listens to the chatter of good for nothing fools and rejects the good advice I gave him. Why go to face certain death?'. The army was now reduced to 700 men.

On reaching Uhad the Muslims took their position at the foothills of the mountain opposite the enemy camp. Rasulullah  noticed an opening in the mountain behind them. He oppointed a batch af fifty archers to take up their position on the 'Ainain Hill, Mount Rumat. These archers under Hazrat Abdullah bin Jubair (R.A.), were entrusted with the task of protecting the passage between Uhad and 'Ainain from being penetrated by the enemy from behind the main Muslim army. They were given strict orders by Rasulullah  not to leave the pass whatever the circumstances. Then Rasulullah  arranged the Muslims in battle formation.

Before the commencement of the battle, among the enemy was an inhabitant of Madinah, Abu Aamir Abdullah bin Amr bin Saifi, who had converted to Christianity and was nicknamed 'Ar-Rahib' (the Monk). He came out with the intention that he could lead his fellow countrymen-the Aus tribe away from the cause of Islam
He went in front of them saying:
'O people of Aus I, Abu Aamir, a son of your soil, will you not hear me out ?'
They (people of Aus) then replied:
'May Allah refuse you all favour, oh scoundrel'. Choking with shame 'the Monk' went away in fury.

The battle began with traditional single combat. Hazrat Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) opposed Uthman bin Abi Talha; Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A.) courageously fought Talha bin Abi Talha and Hazrat Sa'ad bin Waqaas (R.A.) contested Abu Sa'ad bin Abi Talha. The three arrogant and boastful Quraishi warriors were disposed. Before the battle started the kuffar had lost 22 of their soldiers in single combats, thus giving the Muslims a moral victory.

In the ferocious battle that followed, Hazrat Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib (R.A)'s sword flashed in such frenzy that he alone accounted for the death of many of the Quraish. For his bravery at Uhad, Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) was given the title of 'Asadullah' or 'Sher-e-Khuda'  (Lion of Allah). Wishing to avenge his uncle Tahaimah, killed at Badr by Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) Jubair ibn Mut'am promised to free his Abyssinian slave, Wahshi, if he succeeded in killing Hazrat Hamza (R.A.). Hinda, wife of Abu Soofyaan offered Wahshi her valuable necklace if he succeeded in disposing of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.), Wahshi skilled at throwing the Abyssinian spear and rarely missed his mark, from a hidden spot hurled his spear at Hazrat Hamzah (R.A.) from  behind and the brave Muslim warrior was martyred instantly. Hinda, the wife of Abu Soofyaan presented Wahshi with her necklace, and won his freedom from Jubair bin Mut'am. Hinda burning with hatred and malice then ripped open Hazrat Hamza (R.A.)'s body and cutting out his liver, chewed on it. Other kuffaar women, following her example also mutilated the bodies of some martyred Muslim in a barbarous manner.

Rasulullah  offered one particular sword to any Muslim on condition that its use was confined to kill only the enemies of Allah. There was a great clamour for the sword. But Hazrat Abu Dujanah Samaak bin Gharshah (R.A.) a brave and chivalrous Muslim warrior was honoured with the sword. He had become a legend for his fighting daringness. Whenever he entered a battlefield, he was known to fall under a spell of frenzy and ecstasy and his stately figure stood out gracefully with his popular red 'Amamah' (turban). He know plunged into the fight along with other Muslims, and wrought havoc into the ranks of the kuffaar until they began to flee from the battlefield. When Hazrat Abu Dujana (R.A.) came across Hinda, lowered his sword saying:
'It is not befitting that the Divine sword of Rasulullah  be raised against a mere women'.

When the Muslims saw the enemy retreating from the battlefield, they rushed forward and began collecting the war booty. The archers who were guarding the opening in the mountain pass on the 'Ainain Hill, also saw the flight of the enemy, and sensing victory, most of them left their post and joined the Muslims in collecting the spoils. Hazrat Abdullah bin Jubair(R.A.) called out to them, reminding them of their duty but to no avail. He was left alone with only ten other Muslims to continue their duty.

The joy of the Muslims was short lived as they were dumbfounded and shocked when suddenly they found themselves again in the midst of the kuffaar, fighting for their lives after what they thought was a decisive victory for the Muslims.

Khalid bin Walid, a skilled and shrewd officer of the right flank of the Quraish army was quick to notice the unguarded pass vacated by the archers earlier on. He rushed up from behind Hazrat Abdullah bin Jubair (R.A.) and martyred him and the ten archers who had remained with him. He charged at the unsuspecting Muslims while the kuffaaar who had taken flight, also returned and surrounded the Muslims and Rasulullah 

The faithful rallied round Rasulullah  and many were martyred in their effort to protect him by forming a human shield around him. Hazrat Mus'ab bin Umair (R.A.) the standard (flag) bearer of the Muslims resembled Rasulullah , was martyred by a crafty infidel Amr bin Qamee'ah. Thinking that he had killed Muhammed  himself, returned to his comrades shouting:
'I have slain Muhammed !'.
On hearing this, some Muslims sat around in confusion. Others fought on to seek martyrdom for the sake of Allah and his Nabi . The Muslims began to lose hope. In the confusion and panic that followed, some of the people were attacking their own fellow Muslims. Hazrat Huzaifa (R.A.) witnessed the death of his own father at the hands of the Muslims.

Suddenly, among these heroes resisting with superhuman energy, Hazrat Ka'ab bin Malik (R.A.) recognized Rasulullah  in person whose eyes sparkled under his helmet. 'O Muslims! O brothers!' shouted Hazrat Ka'ab bin Malik (R.A.) on top of his voice: 'Good news! Look at the Rasul  of Allah! He is safe and sound'.

This cry brought fresh courage in the heart of every Muslim soldier. On all sides, the Muslims rushed to the spot from where the glad cry came. They were summoned with renewed courage and cut a bloody path through the enemy ranks as far as the ravine of 'Ainain Hill'.

The kuffaar also rushed in the same direction with the intention to kill Rasulullah . Hazrat Abu Dujana (R.A.), Hazrat Talha (R.A.) and Hazrat Sa'ad bin Waqas(R.A.), Hazart Abu Bakr(R.A.), Hazrat Omar (R.A.), Hazrat Abdur Rahmaan bin Auf (R.A.), Hazrat Zubair bin Awwam (R.A.), Hazrat Abu Ubaida (R.A.), Hazrat Hannaan bin Mundhir (R.A.), Hazrat Aasim bin Thabit (R..A.), Hazrat Harith bin Simmah (R.A.), Hazrat Suhail bin Haneef (R.A.) and Hazrat As'ad bin Huzair (R.A.) bore the brunt of the attack in trying to shield Rasulullah  and many were martyred in such manner that spears protruded from their bodies.

One of the kuffaar. Abdullah bin Qumaiyyah, managed to penetrate the human shield formed by the Sahaaba (R.A.) and attacked Rasulullah  with his sword. As a result, two chain links from Rasulullah 's headgear embedded into his cheeks. Another kaafir Abdullah bin Shahaab Zohri, brother of Hazrat Sa'ad bin Waqaas (R.A.), threw a stone into the face of Nabi  splitting his lower lip and breaking two of his teeth.

Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (R.A.), by biting the rings on the cheek of Rasulullah  broke a tooth on each link. During the thick of the battle Rasulullah  was knocked down and fell into a hole that he had not noticed behind him.
Hazrat Ali (R.A.) and Hazrat Talha (R.A.) helped him out at once.

Abu Soofyan drew near to the spot within calling distance of the Muslims rallying around Rasulullah  ; entrenched on the slopes of Mount Uhad, and called out to them: 'Is Muhammed  with you?'. There being no answer he joyfully concluded that the Rasul  was dead. Before going away, he shouted as loudly as he could: 'Assuredly, war is a game of chance. This day avengeth the day of Badr; Hoobal (i.e the idol of the kuffaar) is victorious. He is the all highest'.
At this blasphemy, Rasulullah  ordered Hazrat Umar bin Khattab (R.A.) to reply. Hazrat Umar (R.A.) cried out:
'Allah is the Most High; the Most Majestic! Our martyrs are in Jannat (paradise) while your dead are in Jahannam (Hell)'. Abu Soofyaan begged Hazrat Umar (R..A.) to inform him if they had killed Rasulullah  Hazrat Umar (R.A.) replied:
'No by my faith! He is even now listening to you'.
Disappointed, Abu Soofyaan retreated with the remaining of the Quraish by giving the Muslims a parting promise that they would face the Muslims the following year at Badr. Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to follow the infidels and instructed him:
'Take heed how they carry themselves. See if they ride camels and lead their horses by the bridle. That will certainly show that they have given up all hopes of battle and are going to Makkah. If, on the other hand, they mount their steeds and drive their camels before them, it is a sure sign that they are bound for madinah. with the intention of intercepting us. In that case, their is but one thing to be done: to hurl ourselves upon them without loss of time, so attack them and cut our way through'. A little while later Hazrat Ali (R.A) returned. He had seen the Quraish alight from their horses, walking along their camels and set out in the direction of Makkah.

Reassured as to the enemy's intention the Muslim busied themselves with the burial martyrs. First Rasulullah  sought to find the body of his uncle Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) and discovered it in a hollow of low ground, the belly ripped open; and with ears and nose cut off. All the bodies of the martyrs were gathered; 65 Ansaar and 5 Muhajireen. Without being given ghusal (bath), the funeral salaah was offered and the martyrs buried. The martyred bodies were buried two by two or three by three in the same grave.

One devoted Ansaari women hastened to Uhad in search of Rasulullah . On the way she was told of the martyrdom of her father, a brother and her husband. But even so her only concern was for Rasulullah . She kept on repeating the question:
'How is Rasulullah ?.
She breathed a sigh of relief when she personally saw him safe and exclaimed:
'O Prophet  of Allah, if you are safe, then all other sorrows are of no importance'.

The battle of Uhad was difficult for Islam as might have been feared. There were grievious losses due to misunderstanding on the part of some of the archers placed on the 'Ainain Hill'. They felt that since the Quraish had retreated and fleeing from the battlefield there was no need to remain in their post any longer. But this was a fatal mistake for which the Muslims had to pay dearly. They the Sahaaba (R.A.) learnt their lesson and in future, the Muslims submitted entirely to Rasulullah ; they were resolved to carry out his command to the letter.

The dejected and depleted Quraish army of Abu Soofyaan was on its return to Makkah. Abu Soofyan knew that the people of Makkah would be hard pressed to explain his failure. On the impulse of the moment, he decided to turn and attack Madinah. When reported of his intention reached Rasulullah  set out again with the Sahaaba and waited for him at Humra-ul-Asad. The determination for the survival of Islam was so great with the Muslims, that Abu Soofyaan changed his mind and turned back from Roha and returned to Makkah without facing the Muslims.

Yet again, the Kuffar failed to exterminate Islaam.

RELATIONS WITH THE JEWS

Before the advent of Islam the Jews were well established in and around Madinah. Each tribe lived in well fortified areas. They controlled the economy of Madinah and owned practically all the date groves. They were the overlords of the poor and illiterate Arab tribes of Aus and Khazraj who were laborers. The Jews looked down upon them and used every opportunity to weaken them by inciting quarrels and fights between the two tribes.

On the arrival of Rasulullah  in Madinah most of the people of Aus and Khazraj embraced Islam and the Jewish stronghold over them diminished when Rasulullah  rejected their belief that they be recognized as the 'people of the Book'.

No kindness or generosity, however, on part of Rasulullah  would satisfy the Jews; nothing could satisfy their bitter feelings with which they were aroused. Enraged that they could not use Rasulullah  as their instrument for the conversion of Arabia to Judaism (the religion of the Jews), and Rasulullah 's teaching was so much simpler than their Talmudic (scriptures of the Jews) unverified stories. They soon broke off the 'Treaty' made with Rasulullah , and began conspiring with the enemies of Islam. When asked which they preferred idolatry or Islam, they (Jews) like many Christian controversialists said they preferred idolatry, with all its accompanying evils to the creed of Muhammed .

They slandered Rasulullah  ; twisted their tongues and mispronounced Qur'aanic words, the daily prayers and formulae of Islam, making them meaningless, absurd, or blasphemous. The Jewish poet and poetesses of whom there existed many at the time, insulted all sense of common decency and recognized code of Arab honor and bravery by ridiculing in obscene verses  Muslim women.

The Jews tried to sow the seed of dissatisfaction among the people of Madinah. By their deep superior education, by their deep friendship and unity with the party of the Munfiqeen (hypocrites) and by the general unity of the Jewish tribes of Banu Qainuqah, Banu Nadhir and the Banu Quraizah (so different from the disunity of the Arabs), the Jews formed a most dangerous element within the federated state which had risen under Rasulullah .

The defeat of the idolaters at Badr was felt as keenly by the Jews as by the Makkans. Immediately after the battle of Badr a well-known member of their race Ka'ab bin Ashraf, belonging to the tribe of Banu Nadhir publicly deploring the ill-success of the idolaters, proceeded towards Makkah. Finding the people there plunged in grief, he spared no effort to revive their courage by his sarcastic verses against the Prophet of Islam and his companions, by mournful verses (elegies) on the Makkan infidels who had fallen at Badr. He succeeded in inciting the Quraish to that frenzy of vengeance which took place in the form of a battle on the plains of Uhad.

However, the three Jewish tribes of Banu Qainuqah, Banu Nadhir and Banu Quraizah subsequently began to break the rules of the 'Treaty'. One grave incident of their treachery was the killing of seventy Sahaaba (R.A.) who were called by Bani Ka'ab by treachery to preach Islam. These missionaries were surrounded at Bir-Ma'una and mercilessly put to death. Such acts of deceit eventually led to the downfall of the Jewish tribes. They resorted to various schemes and plots with the munafiq Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool and the Kuffaar of Makkah to bring about the downfall of Islam.

The Banu Qainuqah were influential merchants, skilled craftsmen and goldsmith. A Muslim lady once went into the bazaar to sell milk. She was seated close to the shop belonging to a jeweler of the Qainuqah Jews, and became the victim of the most insulting practical joke. Without her knowing it one of the Jewish youth hooked the lowest edge of her robe to the part of the apparel covering her shoulders, so that when she rose to her feet, her nakedness was displayed to the gaze of the Jews in the shop. who were all overtaken by a fit of the most indecent laughter. A Sahaabi (R.A.) seeing this, furiously struck down the insulter with a blow. He in  turn was pounced upon by the jeweler's relatives and killed. Other Muslims rushed to avenge him and a pitched battle took place in the open, blood flowing on both sides.

At the first news of the riot, Rasulullah  hastened to the spot, and by his presence, succeeded in restraining the fury of the Sahaaba (R.A.). He at once realized what the end would be if these rebellions and disorders were allowed to take their cause. Madinah would be turned into an amphitheater (arena), in which the member of the hostile factions might murder one another without being punished. The Jews had openly and knowingly broken the terms of the 'Treaty'. it was necessary to put a stop to this with a firm hand or else peace and security would never prevail in Madinah. Consequently, Rasulullah  proceeded at once to the locality of the Banu Qainuqah and required them to enter into the Muslim Commonwealth by embracing Islam or to vacate Madinah. The reply of the Jews was given in the most offensive manner:
'O Muhammed , do not be elated with the victory over your people (Quraish). You have had an encounter with men ignorant of the art of war. If you are desirous of fighting us, we shall show you that we are men'.

Rasulullah  called upon the Muslims to come to his aid. The Banu Qainuqah losing their arrogance as soon as Allah's warriors showed themselves, ran away and took refuge in shutting themselves up in their fortresses. After holding out for a fortnight, they had to surrender and beg for mercy although there were 600 Jewish men capable of fighting. On the recommendation of Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool, Hazrat Ubaidah bin Saamit (R.A.) was delegated the power of deciding the fate of the Jews. Hazrat Ubaidah bin Saamit (R.A.) led that the whole tribe of Banu Qainuqahh be banished from Madinah. They left Madinah and settled in Shaam (Syria).
The Banu Nadhi were also a treacherous tribe and were noted for their vile plotting against Rasulullah . Amr bin Umayyah Zumree killed two of the Banu Aamir men in retaliation for their deceit at Bir Ma'una. The Banu Aamir were the allies of Banu Nadhir. Therefore, Rasulullah  proceeded to the Banu Nadhir territory for arbitration of paying blood money to Banu Aamir. He was accompanied by Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.), Hazrat Umar (R.A.), Hazrat Ali (R.A.) and a few Sahaaba (R.A.).

Rasulullah  had just given them satisfaction, and while conversing with a few companions, Nabi  was seated in the shade of a house, when a Jew Amr bin Muhasin, son of Jahsh bin Ka'ab climbed stealthily onto the flat roof with the intention of crushing Rasulullah  with  huge stones already placed there. By Divine inspiration, Rasulullah  looked up just as the son of Jahsh was about to throw the stones. Rasulullah  moved quickly away. taking his Sahaaba (R.A.) with him.

The Banu Nadhir had now placed themselves in exactly the same position as the Banu Qainuqah had previously done. They had by their own act of deceit and treachery put themselves outside the pale of the 'Treaty'. As soon as Rasulullah  reached Madinah he sent a message to Banu  Nadhir asking them to enter definitely into the Muslim Commonwealth by embracing Islam or to vacate Madinah. Relying on the support of the Munafiqeen and Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool, with 2000 men to defend their settlement the Banu Nadhir returned a defiant answer. Rasulullah  and the Sahaaba (R.A.) set out to punish these treacherous people. The Banu Nadhir shut themselves up in their strongholds. Disappointed however, in the promised assistance of Abdullah bin Ubay bin Sulool and their brethern the Banu Nadhir after holding out for ten days sued for terms of peace. The previous offer was renewed and they agreed to evacuate Madinah.

They were allowed to take all their moveable with them, with the exception of arms. According to Bukhari Shareef'. Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) has related that the weapons left behind by the jews were 350 swords,50 durrah (whip) and 50 helmets. In order to prevent the Muslims from occupying their dwellings, they destroyed these before leaving. This expulsion took place in Rabi-ul-Awwal 4 A.H.

The Jewish lands, warlike materials etc, which they could not carry away, were distributed by Rasulullah  with the consent and cordial approval of the Ansaar, among the Muhajireen, who up to this time had been entirely dependent for support on the generosity of the People of Madinah. Rasulullah  realized that in spite of the brotherly love that existed between the Muhajireen and Ansaar, the people of Madinah could not go on forever assisting the Muhajireen. He accordingly assembled the eminent men from among the Ansaar, and asked them whether they had any objection to his distributing among their brethren who had followed him from Makkah, the goods left behind by the Jews. With one voice the Ansaar answered:
'Give to our brothers the goods of the Jews; give them even a portion of ours; We willingly consent'.
Upon this Rasulullah  divided the property among the Muhajireen and two of the Ansaar who were extremely poor.

During the Battle of Khandaq (Ditch) Rasulullah  and the Muslims relied for the safety of the other side, if not upon the active assistance, at least upon the neutrality of the Banu Quraizah, who possessed several fortresses at short distance, towards the South-East. They were bound by the 'Treaty' to assist the Muslims against every attack from the enemies of Islam.

The Jews(Banu Quraizah) however were persuaded by the idolaters to break off the 'treaty' with the Muslims, and join the kuffar. As soon as the news of their defection reached Rasulullah , he sent the 'Two Sa'ads': Hazrat Sa'ad Ubaidah (R.A.) and Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawaahah (R.A.) to ask them to uphold the 'Treaty'. The reply was defiant and ill-tempered:
'Who is Muhammed . and who is this Apostle God that we should obey him? There is no bound or treaty between us and him'.

As these Jews were well aquatinted with the locality, and could materially assist the besiegers by showing them the weak points of the city, the worry among the Muslims became great.

After the confederates dispersed following their defeat at the Battle of the Ditch, Rasulullah  and the Muslim soldiers therefore felt it their duty to demand an explanation of the treachery. Rasulullah  and the Muslim soldiers camped in front of a Jewish, enemy fortress, and after a blockade of 25 days forced them to surrender. The Jews made only one condition that their punishment should be left to the judgment of Hazrat Sa'ad in Mu'az (R.A.) the chief of the Banu Aus tribe.

Hazrat Sa'd ibn Mu'az (R.A.) decreed that the fighting men should be put to death, and that their property divided and the women  and children should become the slaves of the Muslims. This decision was compatible with the commands of the Taura (The Book of the Jews)
 

Rasulullah  had made pacts with Jews from the beginning to the effect that they should live together as friends and equals and help each other in the defense of their own town. But the Jews proved by their treachery and intrigues (conspiracy) that they could not be relied upon under any circumstances. Thereafter, Rasulullah  decided that the Jews should not be allowed to live in Madinah and they were expelled from the town. This was the natural result of their continuous and persistent hostile conduct, which no other people would ever have tolerated.

BATTLE OF AHZAAB (Trenches)

ZIL QA'DAH 5 A.H.

With the defeat of the enemies of Islam at Badr and Uhad the enemies were by no means idle. Far and wide the idolatours and their allies had sent their emissaries to stir up emotions against the Muslims. The Jews were the most active in this effort.

Huyay bin Akhtab, the leader of the banished Banu Nadhir tribes, began to enlist the support of all other Jewish tribes, the Arab tribes and the Quraish of Makkah in order to make a concerted effort to wipe out the Muslims for ever. The strategy of these combined forces also included the Banu Quraizah who were still living in the vicinity of Madinah. They were expected to attack the Muslims from within the boundaries of Madinah. They were considered by the Muslims as the most vicious and treacherous of all the Jewish tribes.

Rasulullah  was aware of the evil planning of the enemies of Islam. He held an urgent mushwarah (consultation) with the Sahaaba and plans were made for the defence of Madinah. All the women and children were to remain in the city while all the men were together on Mount Sal'a outside Madinah. A learned Persian Sahaaba, Hazrat Salman Farsi (R.A.) explained to Rasulullah  a system of effective protection. It was by means of a ditch, and Hazrat Salman Farsi (R.A.) had seen it practiced in his own country. Rasulullah  was impressed by the idea and this ditch was ordered to be dug immediately. All the Muslims, trusting in Rasulullah 's farsightedness, set upon ardently to work.

The Muslims dug a deep trench five meters deep and five meters wide on the sides round the unprotected quarters of Madinah from which the enemy attack was imminent. On two sides there was the protection of the high lava rocks while on the third side were the thick palm groves of Madinah.

The tremendous task of digging the trench was zealously tackled by the Ansaar and the Muhajireen. There keenness was further increased by the fact that Rasulullah  personally joined them in the digging. The shovel fulls of earth accumulated, thrown up with great spirit by the workers; and the ditch had reached a good depth, when suddenly the pick-axes struck against a rock which they were powerless to uproot. This was brought to notice of Rasulullah  Rasulullah  came there and struck the rock with the blows of his axe, the rock splitting into countless fragments under the blows of the axe. On every blow a spark appeared which the Sahaaba also witnessed. On every spark Rasulullah  saw Syria, Iran and Yemen respectively. Rasulullah  gave the glad tidings that these lands will eventually come under the banner of Islam.

Scarcely was the ditch ready, when the entire plain was covered by the tents of the enemy's army, ten thousand strong; the Quraish, Banu Kinanah, Ghatafans, Arabs of the Tuhamah and of the Najd with 4000 camels and 300 horses under he supreme commander Abu Soofyan. The enemy were dismayed at the defence prepared by the Muslims as they never seen such a trench before.

The trench prevented any form of direct fighting. Both sides had to contend with shooting arrows at each other. When Amr ibn Wudda, an Arab, managed to cross the trench, he was killed immediately by Hazrat Ali (R.A.) with his famous sword 'Zulfiqaar'. Ikramah bin Abi Jahl and Hubayrah bin Wahab also tried to cross the trench but were repulsed. Naufal ibn Abdullah with the intention to assassinate Rasulullah  tried to cross the trench but fell into it, he broke his neck. In order to retrieve the body the Mushriqeen (Kuffaar) offered Rasulullah  the sum of 10,000 dirhams. Rasulullah  said:
'He is wicked and any price in lieu of him is also wicked'.
Rasulullah  handed over the body without accepting the offer.

With the prolonging of the siege the Muslims were becoming impatient. Icy north winds, which blows very often in winter in Madinah, benumbed their shivering bodies, provisions were lacking; the pangs of hunger would have paralysed their strength if it had not keen kept up and rekindled by Imaan, for all they had to eat were few grains of barley and dates. Moreover, there was always the fear of an attack by the Banu Quraizah on the women and children in the city.

Huyay bin Akhtab, an enemy of Allah, approached Ka'ab ibn Asad, prince of the Banu Quraizah, who although deeply hostile to Rasulullah  had signed a 'Treaty' with the Muslims. Huyay influenced Ka'ab ibn Asad into dishonouring his treaty with Rasulullah  and formed an alliance with the infidels. However the Banu Quraizah wanted an assurance from their infidel allies that they will be protected by them in the future, whatever the outcome of the war.

The news of this defection came to the notice of Rasulullah  . He immediately sent Hazrat Sa'ad  ibn Mu'az (R.A.) , Hazrat Sa'ad ibn Ubaida (R.A.), Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawaahah (R.A.), and Khawwaat ibn Jubair (R.A.) to find out if this was true.
When the envoys reminded the Banu Quraizah of their 'Treaty' the following replay was given:
'Who is this Prophet of Allah of whom you speak? There exist no treaty between him and us'.
This was downright treachery, for the Banu Quraizah were very well informed as to the secrets of the Muslims and the weak points of the town. This treacherous news immediately prompted Rasulullah  to make special arrangements for the security of the women, children and the old people who were left behind in the city. He appointed two groups of soldiers, consisting of 200 and 300 men under the command of Hazrat Asalamah ibn Aslam (R.A.) and Hazrat Zaid ibn Harith  (R.A.) respectively, to take turns to look after those who were left behind in the city. They used to recite 'Takbeer' loudly to frighten the enemy so that they might think that the Muslims had kept a large force for the protection of there women and children and therefore refrained from attacking.

Rasulullah  considered it necessary first to dispel the fears of the men at the battlefield  about the safety of their families left behind in the city, secondly to provide a sufficient defensive force in case the Jews of the Banu Quraizah attacked. These measures assured the security of the town and the men could now face the enemy with full satisfaction and confidence.

The kuffaar army kept up a sporadic attack, raining showers of arrows across the trench while the Muslims were hard pressed with defending any weak opening in their defence. Both the Muslims and the kuffaar were frustrated with a war that showed no signs of reaching a settlement. A sad incident for the Muslims was the serious wound received by Hazrat Sa'ad bin Ma'az (R.A.) when a stray arrow from the enemy was embedded in his shoulder.

Judging the critical situation Rasulullah  resorted to military tactics. Rasulullah  sent Na'im ibn Mas'ud (R.A.) a member of the Ashja tribe of Bani Ghatafaan whose conversion to Islam was not yet publicly known. He went first to the Quraizite Jews and Said:
'You are not sure at this stage that the Makkans will succeed in this war. Once the foreign invaders return as they must do sooner or later, you can not defend yourselves singke-handed against Muhammed . So do not involve yourselves without first getting a guarantee that the Makkans will fight their former co-citizens to the end. Ask them for hostages as an assurance to side with them (Quraish)'.
The Quraizaites found this advice reasonable. Then Na'im ibn Mas'ud went to the Quraishite camp and told them according to his information, the Quraizite Jews had entered into conspiracy with Muhammed  and as an assurance of their friendship, had promised to get hold off some of the Quraishite prominent personalities and hand them over to him (Muhammed ).:
'Beware of these Jews. Rather ask them, as their assurance of their co-operation with you in the common struggle; for the Muslims would be off their guard on that day in respect of the Jews'.

After giving similar advice to the Ghataffanites and other enemy group. he returned to the Muslim camp and spread the rumour that the Jews were asking the invaders for hostage in order to hand them over to Muhammed . Rasulullah  was informed of the rumour in the Muslim camp, on hearing this remarked:
'Maybe we ourselves should order them (Jews) to do that'.

Mas'ud al-Nammam, an ignorant old man hurried to the Quraishite camp, and just for the sake of looking well informed, told the Quraishite commander Abu Soofyaan, what the Prophet  of Allah had remarked about his having asked the Jews to demand hostages.

Abu Soofyaan and the Chiefs of the Ghataffans sent Ikramah ibn Abu Jahl to the Banu Quraizah delegating him to say to them:
'We can no longer stay in these parts so unsuitable to our horses and camels. Be ready to fight  Muhammed  tomorrow. We must get rid of him'.

The Banu Quraizah answered:
'Tomorrow is Saturday, the Sabbath day, which means obligatory rest in our religion. But at any rate, we cannot fight by your side unless you grant us hostages chosen from the most noble among you, as a guarantee that you will not abandon us before having crushed our common enemy'.

When Ikramah ibn Abu Jahl repeated these words, the Quraish and the Ghataffans cried out:
'By all our Gods, what Na'im told us concerning the Banu Quraizah was perfect truth'.
They immediately sent another message declaring plainly:
'By our gods, we will not give you a single hostage'.

The sacred month of Shawwal was nearing the end; Zil-Qadah, was approaching, in which the Quraish had reasons to be back in Makkah to receive pilgrims rather than fight and thus violate their superstitions regarding the months of the truce God. They found food stocks had been exhausted, the season also had worsened, and a chill and terrific hurricane uprooted every tent in the enemy camp. Abu Soofyaan decided to return home to Makkah and others followed. It is said that Abu Soofyaan was so terrified that he jumped on the back of his camel, which was sitting and wanted to raise it, not remembering that its legs were tide with rope. Even so the shrewd Makkan chief did not forget in his haste to command Khalid bin Walid and Amr ibn al-As at the head of 200 horsemen, to be ready for support action in case of Muslim pursuit. Thus the great enterprise of the Jewish-Makkan conspiracy came to a fruitless end, lasting for twenty seven days.
With the return of the Muslims into Madinah and the jubilant cries of 'Allahu Akbar' (Allah is Great), ringing into their unholy ears, the Banu Quraizah cowered (rebounded) in their fear and guilt at the thought of what the Muslims would do to them for their conspiracy with the kuffaar. They began to hole up in their fortress with food and other necessities.

A Divine revelation brought by Hazrat Jibra'eel (A.S.) commanded Rasulullah  to give out punishment to the Banu Quraizah. The Muslims laid a siege to their fortresses, and after 25 days, the Jews gave in and tried to appease the Muslims. They proposed to Rasulullah  that Hazrat Sa'ad bin Mu'az (R.A.) who was their friend prior to accepting Islam be asked to decide their issue. In this way they were to get a favourable settlement for themselves. Rasulullah  agreed to their request.
Hazrat Sa'ad bin Mu'az (R.A.), who was seriously wounded, was brought with difficulty to the sector of the Banu Quraizah. Hazrat  Sa'ad bin Mu'az (R.A.) gave his decision thus;

'I am deciding this issue according to the

commands of the Taura (The Book of the Jews),

that all the men of Banu Quraiziah be put to death.

Their women and children be left in the care of he

Muslims; and their wealth and possessions be

included in the Baitulmaal (Treasury)'.

The verdict was justified in three aspects of its execution. Firstly, the Law of Taurah had been applied. Secondly, when Madinah was attacked from all sides, the Banu Qraiziah were bent on mutiny from within Madinah. Thirdly, they did not trust the Nabi  of Allah, but gave preference to Hazrat Mu'az (R.A.) because of his previous friendship with the Jews. Hazrat Mu'az (R.A.) proved his loyalty to Islam and his verdict reflected the justice of Islam and the love for Allah and his Rasul .

THE TREATY OF HUDAYBIYAH

(ZIL-QADAH 6 A.H.)

The Muhajireen were now feeling very conscious of the love they bore for their beloved city Makkah. They had left behind their homes, their many possessions, relatives and friends. They longed to see them again and they shed tears when this thought overcame them.
 
Rasulullah  himself loved Makkah; but he would go about consoling the Muhajireen and often made dua:

'Oh Allah, endow us with the same love for Madinah

as we had for Makkah'.

A year after the Battle of the Trenches, Rasulullah  dreamt that he was performing the Tawaf (circumambulation) of the Ka'ba. This dream increased his longing to see the Ka'ba again.

According to the age-old tradition, the Arabs maintained that friends and foes alike had the privilege of putting aside all their differences and proceeding to Makkah during the season of Hajj. Everyone was free to perform this sacred rite without interference from anyone. The greatness of the Ka'ba was traditionally accepted by all the Arabs regardless of their religious beliefs.

The Muslims were the only group who were stopped from entering Makkah because of the persecutions and wars carried out against them by the kuffar. During the past five years, the Muslims had so impressively proved their power as a new nation that they did not expect any opposition from the people of Makkah.

Therefore, in Zil-Qadah 6 A.H. Rasulullah  left Madinah accompanied by 1400 Sahaba (R.A.) with the intention of performing 'Umrah'. They dressed themselves in 'Ehram' and took along 70 camels for sacrifice. This in itself was proof enough that they had no intention of confronting the Quraish and by the same token, the Quraish had no right to stop anyone from performing the pilgrimage. They carried only sheathed swords which was part of Arab dressing.

Hazrat Bishr ibn Soofyaan (R.A.) sent by Rasulullah  to scout around for information about the Quraish. Bishr met Rasulullah  at Asfan and reported:
'O Rasulullah  of Allah, the Quraish know that you are on your way. They have called upon the 'Ahbash and Thaqif who are coming to face you. At the moment they are encamped at Dhu Tuwa. Khalid ibn Walid, at the head of the cavalry (soldiers on horseback) is in ambush at Kara al Ghamim'.
'Who can guide us along some other road than that by which they expect us?' inquired Rasulullah .

A guide of the Aslam tribe offered his services and led the Muslims through an unknown path. They went through the pass of Al-Morar and arrived at the foot of the hill of Hudaybiyah; a day's journey from Makkah. At this spot, Rasulullah 's camel al' Qaswa suddenly knelt and refused to get up.
'Is she tired?' asked the Sahaba (R.A.).
'No she is not restless'. replied Rasulullah  ; 'but she is commanded by Allah to stop just as the elephant of Abraha was stopped and prevented from entering Makkah'.
'By Allah, I will accept anything the Quraish have to say providing that the principles of Islam are not trampled upon', said Rasulullah .

Later Rasulullah  and the Muslims camped in the plains of Hudaybiyah near as oasis (fertile spot in the dessert) where they come across an old well which had very little water. Soon the tired and weary Muslims drank whatever little water there was in the well. Many of the Sahaba (R.A.) were still thirsty. Rasulullah  took an arrow and asked Hazrat Ba'ra ibn Aazib (R.A.) to throw the arrow in the well. By Divine help, suddenly the dried up well brimmed up to the top with fresh water for the use of the Muslims.

The Quraish were also aware of the presence of the Muslims in the vicinity of Makkah. A lengthy series of negotiations followed between  the Quraish and the Muslims. Budail ibn Warqa, the chief of the Banu Khuza'ah who had a good understanding of the Muslims offered to mediate. But the Quraish were divided in their opinion on the issue because they had no faith on the Kuza'ah man whose secret sympathy for Prophet Muhammed  was known.

Urwa ibn Mas'ud al Thaqafi, chief of the tribe, was sent by the Qiraish to mediate. When he came before Rasulullah  he said:
'O Muhammed , you have gathered together a horde of people of all countries and you have come to your place of birth to smash it with their assistance! Now the Quraish have sworn a most solemn oath, to the effect that never, so long as their eye-lashes quiver on their eye-lid shall you set foot again in Makkah, unless by force of arms, and by our gods! The scum surrounding you will flee from your side before the sun sets on another day'.

At these words a flame of indignation lit up the eyes of the Sahaba (R.A.) and Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) went up to the infidel and shouted to him:
'Be gone, and bite the belly of Laat. your idol. Do you think for a moment we could abandon Allah's messenger'
During Urwa ibn Mas'uds conversation with Rasulullah  he was able to observe how boundless was the respect of the Sahaba (R.A.) for their leader. When Rasulullah  performed his wudhu (ablution) his companions rushed to share the water he had used. Whenever Rasulullah  uttered a word everybody tries to fulfil his desire and commands. They speak to him in a soft voice. Out of sheer respect they would never look him straight in the eye.

On his return impressed with the civility of the Muslims and the nobleness of Rasulullah  he declared to the Quraish:
'I have seen the Khusroe of Persia in the midst of his sumptuous Persian court; Caesar, in the proud senate of the Roman patricians (noble families); the Negus, at the head of his formidable bodyguard of Abyssinia warriors. Well then, I swear that I have never met with a monarch who surrounded by the noblemen of his court, held the same position as Muhammed  among his companions. And what is more remarkable, contrary, to what takes place round about other leaders, Muhammed 's followers expect nothing from him; neither favour riches nor honours. This is what I have observed. I beseech you to give careful consideration to their request for a peaceful 'Umrah' and a safe return to Madinah.

Although the Quraish were deeply affected by his declaration, they persisted in their trickery and sent 50 of their warriors to prowl around the Muslim camp with the idea of suprising and capturing a few soldiers of Islam. The Muslims were on their guard and it was they who captured a certain number of infidels prisoners. They were subsequently released at the request of Rasulullah  to show the Quraish their sincere intention of performing the 'Umrah' and returning home.

Rasulullah  wanted to send Hazrat Umar ibn Kattab (R.A.) into Makkah to negotiate a safe and cordial entrance into the Haram to perform 'Umrah'. Hazrat Umar (R.A.) replied:
'O Rasulullah  of Allah! the Quraish know my feelings towards them as shown by my many unfriendly acts towards them. I have everything to fear from them, because their is no longer any member of my family in Makkah. But I can show you a man  whose influence will be more effective than mine. I mean Uthman ibn Affan'. Eventually Rasulullah  sent Hazart Uthman ibn Affan (R.A.), his son-in-law. Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) proceeded to Makkah and on its outskirts  was met by Aban ibn Said who extended his protection for the duration of the time it would take him to convey his message. Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) approached the noblemen of the Quraish and handed over Rasulullah 's message. They suggested to him that he might make 'Tawaf' (circumambulation) of the Ka'ba if he wished. But Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) declined saying:
'I shall never do so until the Rasool  of Allah had done so himself '.

Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) continued to insist that the Muslims had come to Makkah simply in order to visit the Ka'ba and to glorify it and to perform the religious duty of the pilgrimage. He pointed out that the Muslims had brought with them sacrificial animals and pleaded that if they were allowed to sacrifice them, they would return in peace.

The Quraish insisted that the Muslims return to Madinah as they had already sworn defiantly that Muhammed  would not be allowed to enter Makkah this year.

The negotiation lasted a long time during which Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) was detained in Makkah. Soon the Muslims began to suspect that Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) had been treacherously put to death. Whatever the reason, Hazrat Uthman (R.A.)'s failure to return quickly caused the Muslims at Hudaybiyah great anxiety. With tension rising in the Muslim camp and everybody reaching for his sword, Nabi  assured them that he would not allow them to return without challenging their enemies.

He called the Sahaba (R.A.) to him under a large tree in the middle of the valley, and there they pledged with Rasulullah  to fight to the last man. Their fate was certain, their conviction was strong, and their will was determined to avenge the blood of Hazrat Uthman (R.A.).

This pledge was the 'Pledge of Al-Ridwaan'; and in its regard the following Qur'aanic verses was revealed:

'Allah is pleased with the believers who have
pledged with you under the tree. Allah knows what
is in their hearts and, therefore, He has granted
them great victory'.
                                    (Surah Fatah - Verse 18)

When the Muslims concluded their pledge, Rasulullah  pledged the same pledge on behalf of Hazrat Uthman (R.A.), and the latter was regarded as if he was present. Thereupon the Muslims realised that war with the kuffar was inevitable. Everybody looked forward to the day if victory or martyrdom with a mind convinced and satisfied, and a heart reassured and at peace, while in this state, the news reached the Muslim camp that Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) had not been murdered, and soon the man himself returned safe and sound.

The pledge of 'Al-Ridwaan'. however, like the great pledge of 'Al-Aqabah' remained a great landmark in Muslims history. Nabi  was particularly pleased with the pledge for the evidence it furnished of the strength of the bounds which tied him and the Sahaba (R.A.) together. He was further assured of the readiness of the Muslims to face the greatest dangers without fear.

Upon his return, Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) conveyed to Rasulullah  the message of the Quraish that the Muslims should go back to Madinah and return for the same purpose the following year. Although many of the Quraish were against any form of a compromise with the Muslims, they sent a staunch Quraishi, Suhail bin Amr with a flag of truce (peace) giving him following instructions :
'Offer peace to Muhammed  and ask him to return the following year for the same purpose of Umrah'
Suhail bin Amr began his negotiations with Rasulullah , and these lasted a long time during which they were interrupted and resumed again by both parties.

Suhail bin Amr obstinately refused to make any concessions whereas Rasulullah  was prepared to accommodate for the sake of peace. The Muslim camp was becoming uneasy and losing patience with the negotiations. Were it not for the absolute confidence the Muslims had in Rasulullah  they would have never accepted the terms reached by these negotiations. A great man as Hazrat Umar ibn Khatab (R.A.)  lost patience and said to Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) :
'O Abu Bakr (R.A.), is not Muhammed  the Rasool of Allah ?'
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) replied that it was true. Hazrat Umar (R.A.) then said:
'Why should we then give in to the unbelievers in a matter vital to our faith?'
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) replied:
' Umar, do not trespass one inch where you ought not to go.
Remember, that I bear witness our leader is the Rasool of Allah'.
Angrily Hazrat Umar (R.A.) then turned to Rasulullah  and complained to him with the same anger and resentment, but could not alter Rasulullah 's determination and patience. Their conversation was concluded with Rasulullah 's statement that he was the Servant of Allah and his Rasul  and that he would not deviate from the Divine Commandment nor entertain any doubt of Divine support.

Rasulullah  called Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and said to him:
'Write, in the name of Allah, the merciful, the Compassionate'.
Suhail ibn Amr , the Non-Muslim delegate of the Quraish interrupted:
'Stop'. he said 'I do not know either 'The Merciful, or the Compassionate'. Write: 'In the name of God'.
Rasulullah  instructed Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to write accordingly and continued:
'Following is a text of a pact reached by Muhammed . the Rasul of Allah and Suhail ibn Amr'.
Suhail ibn Amr again interrupted:
'Stop it. If I accepted  you as the Rasul of Allah I would not have been hostile to you. You should write only your name and the name of your father'.
The Rasul  of Allah instructed Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to write accordingly, referring to himself as Muhammed ibn Abdullah.

The Conditions of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah:

1. The Muslims were to return to Madinah without performing the Umrah.
2. They were to come for Umrah the following year and stay for three days only in Makkah.
3. They shall not come bearing arms except their swords in their scabbards (sheaths).
4. Any person from the Quraish emigrating to Rasulullah 's camp without permission from their guardian would have to be returned to Makkah.
5. Any Muslims emigrating from Rasulullah 's camp to Makkah would not have to be returned.
6. Any tribe was free to ally itself to Rasulullah 's camp without incurring any hindrance from the Quraish.
7. Any tribe seeking an alliance with the Quraish could do so without obstacle or hindrance from the Muslims.
8. This treaty shall be binding for ten years during which time neither party shall oppose each other but should observe peace and harmony.

Just as the Treaty was concluded, Hazrat Abu Jandal ibn Suhail ibn Amr (R.A.), the son of Suhail ibn Amr came staggering up to Rasulullah  pleading in desperation to be saved from tortures of the Quraish. He had been severely beaten up for embracing Islam and his feet were shackled in chains. He called upon the Muslims to save him from the fate of being returned to the unbelievers who would persecute him. Rasulullah  pleaded to Suhail ibn Amr to release his son to him, but Suhail ibn Amr would not hear of it and the Treaty just signed bound Rasulullah  in such manner that he could not demand the release of Hazrat Abu Jandal (R.A.). Rasulullah  spoke to Hazrat Abu Jandal (R.A.) :
' O Abu Jandal, have patience and be disciplined; for Allah will soon provide for you and your other persecuted colleagues a way out of your suffering. We have entered with the Quraish into a treaty of Peace and we have exchanged with them a soleman pledge that none will cheat the other'.

It was a sad moment for the Muslims and also for Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) as he had remonstrated with Rasulullah  for allowing Suhail ibn Amr to take Hazrat Abu Jandal (R.A.) back to Makkah as a prisoner. Hazrat Umar (R.A.) later realized that Rasulullah  would never had broken his promise to anyone, even to his enemies.  His regret was so great for having questioned Rasulullah  that he resolved to repent for his behaviour by freeing bonded slaves for the rest of his life.

Rasulullah  requested all the Sahaba (R.A.) to complete the formalities of 'Umrah' by shaving of their hair and sacrificing their animals. The pilgrims then returned to Madinah. The answer to their achievement on this pious journey was revealed to Rasulullah  in Surah 'Fatah'. The significance of this Surah only dawned on the Muslims when subsequent events led to the cancellation of clause 4 of the Treaty by the Quraish themselves.

Hazrat Abu Baseer Utbah ibn Usayd (R.A.), Hazrat Abu Jandal (R.A.) and a group of young Muslims escaped from Makkah and settled in Ais on the sea coast near Saif-al-Bahr which was a trading route of the Quraish to Syria. This group of about 70 Muslims began to attack every Quraish trade that passed that way.

The Quraish were so frustrated at this continuous harassment of their caravans that they wrote to Rasulullah  asking him to call these Muslims away to Madinah and consider clause 4 of the Treaty null and void. Rasulullah  agreed to this request readily and the Muslims were free to enter and leave Makkah at their own will.

During the same year, Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Umayyah ibn Zamree (R.A.) to Abyssinia to recall all the Muhajireen to come and settle in Madinah. He also wrote an epistle to Najjashi; king of Abyssinia, to accept Islam. The King gladly embraced Islam and sent back all the Muhajireen to Madinah with gifts of appreciation.

It was also during the same year that Hazrat Abu Hurairah (R.A.) embraced Islam.

EPISTLES TO KINGS AND GOVERNORS

After the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, there was a general feeling of security, calm and solitude.

The people of Makkah and other tribes who had not as yet  accepted Islam, began to be drawn towards Rasulullah . They were presently suprised with his sublime character and  personality. They learnt the refined Islamic way of life from the Sahaba(R.A.) and generally embraced Islam in great numbers.

Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) one of the greatest warriors of the Quraish had heard Rasulullah  recite the Qur'aan at Hudaybiyah. This had touched his heart to the core and drew him towards Islam. His Friend Amr ibn Al-As-al-Shami was also a staunch Quraishi follower and had presented false claims against the Muhajireen in the court of King Najjashi of Abyssinia. Khalid ibn Walid and Amr ibn al'As now began to see the true light of Islam and they confided their feelings with Uthman ibn Abu Talha (R.A.). The three friends left Makkah and presented themselves to Rasulullah  and embraced Islam.

Rasulullah  had up to now confined himself to the preaching of Islam to the Arabian Peninsula only. His was a universal mission to all mankind. The dispirited forces of the enemies of Islam were no longer a great threat to his mission. Islam was the greatest power in Arabia. The Quraish had failed miserably in their attempt to stop the powerful tide of Islam.

Rasulullah  now turned his attention to beyond the boundaries of Arabia, towards neighboring states, kingdoms and their monarchs. He was aware that the common subjects of these states were swayed entirely at the whims and fancies of their emperors or kings.

In fact, the Islamic message had by this time reached a high level of permanency and wide reaching effect. The time was ripe for its propagation beyond the borders of the Arabian peninsula. Besides the doctrine of the unity of Allah and its implications for  worship and ethics, the Islamic message developed so widely as to include within its scope all aspects of social activity and human relations. The way of life Islam projected was better than any other system of life to enable man to attain perfection and to realize the existence of Allah.

Thus Rasulullah  sent letters and emissaries to Heraclius of Rome, Chosroes of Persia, the Archbishop of Alexandria, Najjashi (Negus) of Abyssinia, king Al-Harith of Ghassan and the Governor of Yemen.

Rasulullah  was told by one of his learned Sahabi (R..A.) that these kings were prone to treat only those letters as authentic if it carried the 'Mohr' (seal or official stamp) of the sender. The Sahaba (R.A.) made for Rasulullah  a seal out of silver with the inscription 'Muhammed Rasulullah'.  All his letters bore this seal and experienced Sahaba and messengers were entrusted for their delivery.

One such letter was addressed to the Emperor of Rome who ruled over a vast domain expanding from Syria and Egypt to Constantinople. It was considered the greatest of all kingdoms at that time with a following of Christianity.

Rasulullah 's Epistle:
 

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious Most Merciful.
From Muhammed  servant and messenger of Allah
to Heraclius Emperor of Rome.
Peace upon those who follow the Guidance. -
I invite you to Islam; accept Islam, you will be safe.
Allah will grant you two-fold reward; if you turn
away, the sin of (the wrong doings of) all the people
will be upon you. O people of the Book: Come to an
agreement between us and you; that we worship
none but Allah, and that we shall associate no
partners to Him, and that none of us shall take
others for Lords besides Allah. And if they turn
away, then say: Bear witness that we have
surrendered to Him.
Muhammed messenger of Allah.

Rasulullah 's messenger Hazrat Dihyah ibn Khalifa al Kalbi met Heraclius at the time, when he (Heraclius) was victoriously returning from the war with Persia and his recapture of the cross which had been taken by the Persians when they occupied Jerusalem. Heraclius had taken a vow to perform a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on foot and return the cross to its original place. It was on this pilgrimage of Heraclius, when he reached the city of Hims- old city of Emessa in Syria that the letters of Rasulullah  was received.

Heraclius sought someone who could give him more information about Rasulullah . Abu Sufyan happened to be in Syria at the time and he was called before the Roman Emperor. Although Abu Sufyaan was an enemy of Islam, he gave a truthful version of the character of Rasulullah  and the message of Islam. This impressed the emperor so much that he responded favorably towards Rasulullah 's invitation to Islam. This angered his clergy so much that the Emperor had to appease them in some way but he lost out on the virtuous way of Islamic life.

Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Abdullah ibn Hudhaifa (R.A.) with a letter to Khusroe, the king of Persia. When he read the letter, Khusre tore it up and ill-treated the envoy of Rasulullah . Then he wrote a letter to the governor of Yemen, Bazan, to send two strong men to Hijaz and to bring this man to him. When they reached Madinah, Rasulullah  told them that their King had been killed the night  before by his son Cyrus. When they got back to Yemen, they found the news was true. When Bazan's messengers told their master of Rasulullah 's response, he immediately embraced Islam. He was retained as the governor of Yemen by Rasulullah .
Rasulullah  prophesied that eventually, the whole of Iran (Persia) would become Muslim. The prophecy proved true when during the Khilaphate of Hazrat Umar (R.A.), Iran became part of the Muslim Empire.
Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Hatib ibn abi Balta'a (R.A.) with a letter to the ruler of Alexandria and Egypt, Muqauqis Jarih bin Mati. Hazrat Hatib ibn Abi Bala'a (R.A.) gave him the letter of Rasulullah  and explained the basic teaching of Islam. Muqauqis did not accept Islam but treated the envoy with respect and honour and sent some gifts to Rasulullah  with a letter. These included two slaves girls, one of whom was Maria mother of Hazrat Ibrahim (Rasulullah's  son who passed away in early age), and a white mule which came to be known as Daldal. He kept the letter in an ivory box which is still preserved in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul, Turkey .Rasulullah  accepted his gifts.

Rasulullah  sent Hazrat 'Amr ibn Umayya Al-Damri (R.A) to Negus Al-sham bin Abjar, King of Abyssina. The Negus received the envoy with great respect and showed him all the honour he deserved and accepted Islam.

Hazrat Harith ibn Amr (R.A.) was on his way to the governor of Syria Shurabil Al-Ghassnee with the epistle from Rasulullah . However, under instructions by the governor Shrabil, Hazrat Harith ibn Amr (R.A.) was received with contempt and afterwards treacherously murdered near Karak in the Balqua region. This cowardly act incised the Muslims because it was an accepted fact that no messenger of any tribe, clan or state should be harmed by anyone. In the month of Jamadil Awwal 8 A.H. (629 C.E.), Nabi  sent 3000 Sahaba (R.A.) to confront Shurabil. Hazrat Zaid ibn Harith (R.A.) was appointed the commander of the Muslims. In the event of Hazrat Zaid (R.A.)'s fall. Hazrat Ja'far ibn Abu Talib was to assume the command of the army. In the event of Hazrat Ja'far's (R.A.) death Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawaha (R.A.) was to take his place.

Shurabil Al-Ghassanee gathered 100,000 warriors among whom were the mighty soldiers of Rome led by their emperor. This was the first encounter of the Muslims against the might of the Romans.

During the heavy fighting at Mu'tah, the chief commanders of the Muslim army were martyred. Hazrat Khlid ibn Walid (R.A.) then took up the command. With the greatest of skill and strategy, he maneuvered his warriors in such a manner that the entire Roman army fled the battlefield ands the Muslims turned to Madinah victorious. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) was honored with the title of 'Saifullah' (the Sword of Allah) for his brave deed.

Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Sulait ibn Amr  Amri (R.A.) to the ruler of Yamama, Houza ibn Ali Hanafi, with a letter inviting him to accept Islam. The ruler of Yamama read the letter and treated the envoy of Rasulullah   with respect and honour and wrote a letter to Rasululah  in which he wanted to bargain and then accept Islam. He gave gifts to the envoy and cotton cloth for Rasulullah . Rasulullah  replied that Islam was not spread by way of bribery.

Rasulullah  continued sending out his invitation to Islam. The ruler of some of the areas of Yemen and Taif, Zulkela Humeri received the letter of Rasulullah . He belonged to the strong and powerful family of Humir, who ruled over Yemen. He called himself god and ordered people to prostrate before him. When he embraced Islam, he freed 18,000 slaves in one day.

Thus the Islamic State of Rasulullah  covered the length and breadth of Arabia and Rasulullah  foresaw the Islamic banner flying beyond the horizons and which made the powerful Roman and Persian Empires fearful of the future.

THE FALL OF KHAIBAR

(MUHARRAM 7 A.H.)

Khaibar was an ancient settlement 300 km from Madinah on the road to Syria. When the emperors of Rome and Persia banished the Jews from their countries, they settled in Khaibar. They built forts and settled down to agriculture in the fertile land. Nearly all the Jewish tribes found Khaibar as their haven. With the advent of Islam, the Banu Nadhir tribe was expelled from Madinah by the Muslims.

The campaign of Khaibar was one of the greatest. The masses of Jews living in Khaibar were the strongest, the richest, and the best equipped for war of all the people of Arabia. They were more attached to their religion, more intelligent, and more learned. Their hatred and bitterness for the Muslims surpassed that of the Quraish. The Muslims for their part, were certain that as long as the Jews held power in the Arabian peninsula, they (the Muslims) would not be left in peace.

The hatred for the Muslims was deep rooted and they decided to prepare and march on Madinah and destroy them for ever from the face of the earth. The Banu Quraizah and Banu Nadhir were foremost in this conspiracy since they were banished from Madinah in a disgraceful manner. They drew up war pacts with all the Jewish tribes. They promised the Arab tribe of Ghatffan half the yearly produce of Madinah as their share when victory was achieved. The Munafiqeen, led by Abdullah ibn Ubay ibn Sulool promised the Jews their support in order to defeat the Muslims.

Rasullulah  was well informed of the activities and preparations of the Jews. However, his love for peace and the fear of plunging his faithful Sahaba (R.A.) into a bloodbath against the unrelenting enemy compelled him to try and reason with the Jews. He sent Hazrat Abdullah Ansaari (R.A.) to Sallaam ibn Abu Al-Huqayq the leader of Jews to negotiate for peace. But Salaam ibn Abu Huqaya became arrogant and abusive towards the Muslims. Hazrat Abdullah Ansaari (R.A.) executed him and returned safely to Madinah.

The Jews were prepared to the hilt to go out and attack Madinah. Meanwhile,  Rasulullah 's strategy with the advice of the Sahaba (R.A.) was to attack the Jews in their own stronghold. In Muharram 7 A.H. 1600 Muslims left Madinah and made camp at Rajee, which was a strategic position between the Jews and the Banu Ghataffaan. Some Muslim women also accompanied the Sahaba (R.A.) to render assistance to the sick and wounded. Among them was Hazrat Umme Salma (R.A.). For the first time an Islamic standard banner was introduced with three flags. One flag was prepared from the shawl of Hazrat Ayesha bint Abu Bakr (R.A.) and this was entrusted to Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.).

The first encounter the Muslim faced was with Banu Ghatafaan. When they saw the Muslims, they changed their minds and fled into their territory leaving the Jews to fight their own battle.

After disposing of the Banu Ghatafaan, Rasulullah  ordered the Muslims to camp for the night and attack the Jews in the morning. Rasulullah  and his Sahaba (R.A.) crossed the distance between Khaibar and Madinah in three days. The Jews of Khaibar did not learn of their move until the Muslim forces stood in front of their fortifications. In the morning when the Khaibar workmen went out of their homes to go to their plantations, they saw the Muslims army for the first time. The workmen ran away shouting to one another, 'there is Muhammed  and his army'.

Nonetheless the Jews of Khaibar did in fact expect Muhammed  's move to invade Khaibar. After consulting one another and listening to Sallam ibn Mishkam, their chief, the Jews decided to assemble their wealth and children in the fortified quarters of al-Watih and al-Sulaim. They placed their ammunition at the fort of Na'im and placed their fighting men at Natat where Sallam ibn Mishkam would lead them in battle to the bitter end.

At the first sign of dawn, two famous Jewish warriors Marhab and Yaasir came out of their fort with great show of bravery and chivalry and challenged any of the Muslims to single combats as was the custom in such warfare.

Marhab fully covered with this military attire came out singing the following verses:
'Khaibar knows that I am Marhab, that I deal blows to my enemies and I strike them. Even the lions I face with drawn sword. The ground I hold is unassailable. Even the most experienced in wars dares not approach it'. Rasulullah  asked his Sahaba (R.A.) 'Who will rise to meet him'? Hazrat Muhammed ibn Maslamah (R.A.) rose and said:
'Send me O Rasulullah  of Allah;.
Rasulullah  permitted him and he sprang to meet Marhab. The two warriors fought valiantly and, at one stage, Marhab almost killed the Muslim soldier. Hazrat Muhammed ibn Maslamah (R.A.) however, intercepted the falling sword with his shield which bent under its weight and was cut so that the sword could not be pulled out and disengaged. Hazrat Muhammed ibn Maslamah (R.A.) seized the opportunity and gave Marhab a fatal blow and killed him. Hazrat Zubair ibn al-Awaam (R.A.) soon killed the other Jewish warrior Yaasir.

The two armies met at Nat'at and fought each other strongly. There were fifty wounded among the Muslims on the first day and more than this among the Jews. When Sallam ibn Mishkam was killed, Al-Harith ibn Abu Zaynab took over the leadership for the Jewish forces. Charging from the fortress of Na'im, the new leader attacked the Muslim army, but he was soon repulsed by Banu al Khazraj, who were deployed in that area. Realizing that this was their last stand in Arabia the Jews fought desperately. As the days went by Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) with a contingent and a flag to the fortress of Na'im; but he was not able to conquer it despite heavy fighting. Rasulullah  then sent Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) on the following day, but he fared no better than Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.). On the third Rasulullah called Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and blessing him, commanded him to storm the fortress. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) led his forces and fought valiantly. This time the Muslims successfully stormed the fortress. The fortress of Na'im fell after the Jewish leader, al-Harith ibn Abu Zaynab was killed in the battle.

Having stormed the fortress of Na'im the Muslims then directed their attention to the fortress of al-Qamus which they stormed after heavy fighting. Provisions were becoming rather scarce within the Muslim army. Not until after they had conquered the fortress of al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh was their food shortage relieved. From within that fortress they found large stores of food that enabled them to continue the blockade of other fortresses. Throughout this campaign, the Jews would not give up a single piece of territory without putting up a fierce struggle.

The Muslims then directed their attention to the fortress of al-Zubayr and surrounded it for a long time, waging a number of harsh attacks without being able to storm it. At one stage, they seized the water supply of the fortress and stopped its flow. The Jews were forced to come out and engage the Muslim forces in battle but, facing the onslaught of the Muslim forces they fled. Their fortrees fell one after another into Muslim hands, the last of them being those of al-Watih and al-Sulaim in the al-Katibah area.Only then did the Jews become truly desperate, and they begged for peace. The siege of Khaibar lasted for twenty days.

Rasulullah  accepted their plea and permitted them to stay on their land. The terms of the surrender provided that they  (Jews) would be given half their crops in compensation for their labour. The Jews of Khaibar were thus treated differently from those of Banu Qaynuqa and Banu al Nadhir who were forced to evacuate their lands altogether. With the fall of Khaibar, Jewish power no more threatened Islam or the Muslims.

Despite Rasulullah  's sharecropping arrangement, the agricultural economy if Khaibar weakened after the destruction of Jewish political power. Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawahah (R.A.), Rasulullah  's deputy for the division of the Khaibar crops, dealt justly with the Jews. So honourable was his conduct that he returned to them the copies of the Torah seized by the Muslims in the course of the battle. This is in direct contrast  to the manner in which the Romans treated the Jews when they conquered Jerusalem and burned all the sacred writings.

They did not accept their fate without protest under the dominion of Islam. They were extremely resentful and full of hatred for their Muslim fellows, Zaynab, daughter of al-Harith and wife of Sallam ibn Mishkam, cooked a goat and presented it to Muhammed  after the peace treaty with Khaibar and Jewish-Muslim relation returned to normal. Rasulullah  sat down with his Sahaba (R.A.) to eat at this Jewish prepared food. Taking the first morsel, he realized that the taste was strange. Hazrat Bishr ibn al Bara (R.A.) who also took a mouthful could hardly swallow and threw it away. Nabi  said:
'I have a premonition that this dish is poisoned'.

The one mouthful which Hazrat Bashr ibn al Bara (R.A.) ate was fatal to him and he was martyred. Inspite of the enmity and hatred of the Jews for the Muslims, Rasulullah  was very tolerant in dealing with them. His nobleness in setting the after war issues and prisoners in a cordial way has no parallel in history. The Jews were neither held prisoners nor executed. They were allowed to remain in Khaibar. Many of them remarked:
'The existence of the earth and the sky are dependent on such universal justice'.

This had profound effect on the neighbouring tribes and clans . Many began to realize the nobility and tolerance of Rasulullah . Thousands of them drifted away from their heathen way of life and embraced Islam. The Banu Ghatafaan also paid tribute to Rasulullah  and became Muslims.

Hazrat Safiyah (R.A.), the daughter of Huyay ibn Akhtab of the Banu al Nadhir was one captive. She was granted her freedom and was married to Rasulullah . Many Muslims feared that this women who was a Jew by birth may harm Rasulullah  thus they became very vigilant that no harm came to Rasulullah  . The truth, however was otherwise. Hazrat Safiya (R.A.) remained loyal to Rasulullah  throughout his life. In his last illness, when Rasulullah  was surrounded by his wives, Hazrat Safiyah (R.A.) came forward and said:
'O Rasool of Allah, I surely wish that from which you suffer might be in me rather than in you'.
Rasulullah  's other wives thoght otherwise and Rasulullah  observing their reaction said:
'Go on wink at one another! By Allah I know that Safiyah is truthful and loyal'.

Rasulullah  and the Sahaba (R.A.) returned from Khaibar and Hazrat Ja'far ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and the Muslims returned from Abyssinia. The envoys of Nabi  returned  from those lands where they had been sent and all of them were reunited in Madinah. Rasulullah  was so pleased to be re-united with his cousin, Hazrat Ja'far ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) that he said he could not tell which was greater:
'Victory over Khaibar or reunion with Ja'far'.

The Muslims were safe in Madinah where they led a prosperous and peaceful life. As the year came to a close, in the month of Dhul Qadah, Rasulullah  set out with 1400 Sahaba (R.A.) to perform the 'Umrah', in accordance with the provisions of the Hudaybiyah Treaty, and to satisfy the Muslim longing to visit the Holy Haram (Ka'ba) and perform the 'Umrah'.

THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAH

In accordance with the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, the Muslims were permitted to perform the 'Umrah; the following year. Therefore in Zul Qadah 7 A.H. Rasulullah  gathered all the Sahaba (R.A.) who had been deprived of the opportunity to perform the 'Umrah' the previous year, to prepare for the journey to Makkah. Other Sahaba (R.A.) also joined the group.

Rasulullah  led this group of 2000 Muslims towards Makkah. As a precautionary measure, the Muslims took a few weapons and a hundred horses because the Quraish were unpredictable where a 'treaty' was concerned. Reaching the border of Makkah Nabi  left the horses and weapons at Batan Ya Hooj in the care of 200 Muslims. The Muslims then entered Makkah and went into the 'Haram' (Holy courtyard of the Ka'bah). The 200 Muslims left outside Makkah were able to complete their Umrah at a later stage.

When Nabi  reached the Ka'bah he wrapped his Ihram (mantle) under his right arm, bearing his shoulder and praying:
'O Allah have mercy on anyone performing this Umrah today'.
Nabi  then stopped near the Hajre Aswad (Black Stone) to begin the Tawaaf (circumambulation) of the Ka'bah. The first three circuits were made with swift, trotting pace (called 'Ramal), with view of proving the fine state of health of the believers to the kuffaar looking on. The kuffaar shook their heads gloomily saying to each other :
'So these are the men described to us as weakened by the heat and fever of Al-Madinah'.
Deep down in their heart, the Kuffaar were forced to confess that such men as these, their mental well-being surpassing even their bodily health were unconquerable.

The Muslims ran between Safaa and Maarwah; they sacrificed animals and shaved their heads bare. Rasulullah  was aware of the time limit of three days allowed to the Muslims to stay in Makkah and he had no intention of breaking his promise. At the end of the third day, the leaders of the Quraish lost no time in creating a commotion and fuss to remind the Muslims to leave Makkah. During the short stay in Makkah, Rasulullah  married widowed Hazrat Maymoonah binte Harith (R.A.).

In due course, Islam spread far and wide. The younger generation of the Quraish were being drawn towards Islam. But the older people would not leave their ideology of pagan worship.

The Treaty of Hudaybiyah prescribed that any non-Makkan wishing to join the camp of Rasulullah  or that of the Quraish may do so without obstructions. On the basis of this agreement the tribe Khuza'ah joined the ranks of Rasulullah  and that of the Banu Bakr joined the Quraish. Between Khuza'ah and Banu Bakr a number of old unsettled blood feuds had to be suspended on account of the treaty. It was not long before the idolaters of Makkah violated the ten years truce (peace) signed at Hudaybiyah. The Banu ak Dil, a clan of Banu Nakr encouraged by the Quraish, especially by Ikramah ibn Abu Jahl and others who furnished them with arms and equipment launched an attack on the Khuza'ah tribesman camping near a well of theirs called 'Al-Watir'. The Khuza'ah party fled to Makkah and took refuge in the house of Budayl ibn Warqa. They complained to him that the Quraish and their Banu Bakr allies violated their treaty with Rasulullah .
After running in full haste towards Madinah, Amr ibn Salim al Khuza'i related to Rasulullah  and the Muslims in  Masjid-e-Nabawi what had happened and asked for assistance. Rasulullah  answered:
'Certainly ,O, Amr ibn Salim, we shall come to your rescue'.

Another group of Khuza'ah tribesman together with their Makkan host, Budayl ibn Warqa followed him and confirmed their predecessor's report.

The region of inequity and oppression had lasted too long at Makkah, and this flagrant violation by the Quraish of the Treaty was forcing his hand to conquer Makkah, Rasulullah  sent word to the Muslims all over Arabian Peninsula to get together at once. The reason for this call, however, he kept as a secret.

The wise elders of the Quraish realized the danger to which Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl and his youthful companions had exposed Makkah, for their action was a clear violation of the Hudaybiyah Treaty. Should Muhammed  decide to avenge his Khuza'ah allies against the Makkans, the holy city would be exposed to the strongest danger. What should they do? it occurred to them to send Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb to Madinah to reaffirm the Treaty. Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb, chief statesman and leader of Makkah proceeded to Madinah to conduct negotiations.

On his arrival to Madinah he decided that he had better see his daughter, Umme Habiba (R.A.), the wife of Rasulullah , rather than Muhammed  himself.

After the treacherous violation of the Treaty of Hubaybiyah by the Makkans, Hazrat Umme Habiba (R.A.) knew well Rasulullah 's feelings regarding the Quraish, though she did not know of his plans for Makkah. Entering into his daughters house, Abu Soofyaan was about to sit upon the mattress of Rasulullah  when Hazrat Umme Habiba (R.A.) moved it away. When he asked her whether she had done so in order to save her father from the mattress or the mattress from her father , she replied:
'This is the mattress of the Rasool of Allah. You are an idolater and hence impure. You may not therefore be allowed to sit on Rasulullah 's mattress'.
Abu Soofyyan was angered by this reply and left the house saying to his daughter:
'By God after you left my house, you must have become utterly mad'.

His strategy exposed, he proceeded to see Rasulullah . Rasulullah , however, refused to give him an audience. Thereafter he approached Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A.), Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) and Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) to intervene on his behalf and reaffirm the treaty
The common reply was that nobody could change the mind of Raulullah  once it was made up.

Finally, Abu Soofyaan went to Masjid-e-Nabawi and there proclaimed on behalf of his tribe, the Banu Kinanah, his willingness to make peace with the people. He then mounted his horse and returned to Makkah. His heart was full of sorrow and his pride badly wounded partly by his own daughter and partly by the rejection of those, who prior to their emigration from Makkah, had longed for the least bit of consideration or compassion from the Kuffar leader.

Abu Soofyyan returned to Makkah and reported to his people the frustration of his effort to reaffirm the peace treaty. He informed them of his proclamation in Masjid-e-Nabawi and Rasulullah 's refusal to come to any term of peace.

Rasulullah  was now fully convinced that the time had eventually arrived to free the sacred land of the Ka'ba from intrigue and sedition of the kuffaar. It was Rasulullah 's  plan not to give the Quraish the time to prepare for war. Having confidence in Allah's assistance, Rasulullah  sought to suprise the enemy before they could build up their defense. His aim was to conquer without bloodshed. He therefore first commanded the people to get ready and inform them of his plans for Makkah later. He asked the Muslims to hurry and made dua that the Quraish would not find out his plans before it was too late. While the Muslim army prepared to leave Madinah, Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) rote a letter informing the Quraish about the Muslim move. He gave it to a women called Sarah, a client of some members of the house of Banu 'Abd al Muttalib. He commanded her to take it to Makkah and hand it over to the Quraish leaders. Rasulullah  came to know by Divine inspiration of Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) attempt and sent Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and Hazrat Zubayr` ibn Al Awwam to intercept the messenger. She was arrested and her horse and saddle searched, but no letter was found. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) threatened her that unless she produce the letter voluntarily, he would be forced to search her own person and to unveil her body in the process. When the women realized how serious Hazrat Ali (R.A.) was she unloosened the plaits of her hair, brought out the letter and handed it over. The women was returned to Madinah and Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) was called to give an explanation of his action.

In his own defense Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) said:
'O Rasool  of Allah, by Allah I swear, that I am still a believer in Allah and his Rasool  My Imaan (faith) has not changed by one jot or bit. But I am a man here in the Muslim camp having no relations, family or clan, Whereas in Makkah, I have children. family and relatives whom I want no evil to befall'.
Rasulullah  forgave him for his ill action.

On the 10th Ramadhaan 8 A.H. the Muslim army proceeded from Madinah to Makkah determined to conquer that city and taking the holy Haram which Allah declared for all mankind. This army had more men than Madinah had ever seen before. The tribe of Sulaym, Muzaynah, Ghatafaan and others joined the Muhajireen and Ansaars in such numbers and with such weapons that the wide expanse of the desert was filled with them.

They moved fast, and at every station many more tribes joined their ranks and added to their weaponry and equipment. Every soul was filled with the faith of Islam and had no doubt that Allah's help will bring victory. Rasulullah  led this army at the forefront. His greatest concern was to seize the holy Ka'bah without shedding any unnecessary Blood. By the time the army arrived at Zahraan, 8 kilometers from Makkah, its number had  reached 10,000. Until then the kuffaar of Makkah knew nothing about the advancing army.

In the mean time, the kuffaar leaders continued to consult with one another regarding the measures to be taken by them to meet the Muslim anger. Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) the uncle of Rasulullah  withdrew from the discussion, took all the members of his family and went to the direction of Madinah. At Juhfa he met Rasulullah  and embraced Islam.

The Quraish felt gravely scared ever since the Muslims arrived at Zahraan. They sent Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb, Budayl ibn Warqa and Hakim ibn Hazzam, the relatives of Hazrat Khadija binte Khuwaylid (R.A.) to survey the field and assess the danger. While riding in the area of Rasulullah 's white mule, Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) overheard a conversation between Abu Soofyan and Budayl ibn Warqa. Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) recognized the voice of Abu Soofyaan and called out to him:

'Watch out O Abu Soofyaan! what you see is the Rasul  of Allah leading his people. Misfortune will befall the Quraish tomorrow morning, when his army storms the city'.
Abu Soofyaan exclaimed:
'What shall we do?
Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) invited him to mount his mule, send his companions back to Makkah and returned with him to the Muslim camp. Before reaching the Muslim camp Hazrat Ummar ibn Khattab (R.A.) recognized Abu Soofyaan. He hurried to the tent of Nabi  and asked for permission to strike the neck of Abu Soofyaan. Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) entered the tent saying:
'O Rasul  of Allah, I have extended my protection to this man'.
Rasulullah  said:
'O Abbas, take your guest to your tent and bring him over in the morning'. The following morning Abu Soofyaan was brought before Rasulullah  and he accepted Islam. Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib(R.A.) said:
O Rasool  of Allah Abu Soofyaan is a proud man. Would you not grant him some privilege?'
Rasulullah  declared:
'Any person who takes refuge in Abu Soofyaan ibn Harab's house shall find security; any person who shuts himself up in his own house shall find security and any person who enters Haram (courtyard) of the Ka'ba shall be considered safe'.
Rasulullah  prepared to enter Makkah. Each of the Muslim commanders proudly displayed the banner of Islam and cries of 'Allahu Akbar' (Allah is great) echoed in unison around Makkah. Hazrat Abu Soofyaan (R.A.) was given an elevated position on a hilltop to review the columns of the Muslim army entering Makkah. He repeated Rasulullah 's promise of safety to those who took shelter in his house or in the courtyard of the Ka'ba. Rasulullah  's greatest desire at the time was to avoid any bloodshed if possible.

The spectacle of Rasulullah  astride his famous camel 'al Qaswa', entering the city from the upper end of Makkah and all the while reciting Surah Fatah, was a sight the Sahaba (R.A.) would never forget. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) enterd Makkah from the lower end of the city with his army where he had to put down some resistance from Safwan ibn Ummayyah, Suhail ibn Umr, Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl and their men. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) and his men quickly dispersed them, with Sawan ibn Umayyah, Suhayil ibn Amr and Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl taking flight as soon as they realised the hopelessness of their resistance.

Rasulullah  and the Muhajireen were overwhelmed at the thought of their Hijrat and now their triumphant return with such splendor and glory of Islam for which they had sacrificed so much for the pleasure of Allah. Rasulullah  , moved by the sight of Makkah and by the remembrance of Allah's wahi (revelation), let tears fall from his eyes as he thanked Allah, praised Him, and witnessed that there is no truth and no power except in Allah. So emotional were all these feelings that Rasulullah  rode towards the Ka'ba where he performed the 'tawaf (circumambulation) seven times while he was still astride his mount. He then dismounted and called upon Uthman ibn Abu Talhah to open the Ka'ba for him.

Rasulullah  ordered the destruction of the idols while reciting:

"Truth has come and Falsehood vanished and no more shall falsehood return" (Sahih al-Bukhari.)

The idols where then torn down and broken, and the House of Allah was purified. That which Rasulullah  had called for during the last twenty years was now accomplished. That which Makkah had opposed most strongly was now a fact of history. The destruction of the idols and the wiping put of Paganism in the holy sanctuary was  now completed before the very eyes of the Quraish. The Makkan idols, the objects of reverence and worship inherited from the ancestors, crumbled to bits under the hammering blows.

Rasulullah  then delivered his historical Khutbah (sermon) from the doorway of the Ka'ba:

                                             'Allah is one and He has no partner. He has fulfilled
                                              His promise to his believers and defeated those who
                                              do not believe. It will not be permissible for anyone
                                              who believes in Allah and His Rasool  to kill any
                                              one in Makkah. Nor shall any one destroy the greenery
                                              of Makkah. I have forbidden the practice of all custom
                                              of the age of illiteracy; but the care of the Ka'ba and
                                              the supply of Zam Zam water shall be continued as
                                              before. O people of Quraish, Allah forbids you to display
                                              your pride and arrogance and glorify your ancestory.
                                              All men were created from Adam and Adam (A.S.)
                                              had been created from dust. O men of Quraish what do
                                              you think I am about to do with you?' Everything good',
                                              they answered, 'for you are a noble brother and a noble
                                              nephew of ours'. Rasulullah  said: ' Well I am telling you
                                              now what Yusuf (A.S.) said to his brothers:
                                              'Today there is no reproach against you. Go, you are all
                                               free'.

With these words Rasulullah  gave a general amnesty to all the Quraish and all the Makkans. No unfriendliness, antagonism or hostility could find permanent abode in the heart of Muhammed . His heart was absolutely free of injustice, of malice, of tyranny or false pride. In the most decisive moment, Allah gave him power over his enemy. However, Rasulullah  chose to forgive, therby giving all mankind and all the generations the most perfect example of goodness, truthfulness, nobility and magnanimity.

After the Khutbah Rasulullah  sat on top of Mount Safa and the Muslims took the pledge of loyalty to Allah and His Rasul . He then asked Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) to accept the pledge of the womenfolk while he made dua to Allah for their forgiveness. Hazrat Bilal (R.A.) was asked to call the first Adhaan in Makkah. His rich beautiful voice echoed throughout Makkah.

The destruction of the idols in and around Ka'ba meant the eventual disappearance of the idols in Arabia. The attention of the people of Arabia was on the Quraish whether they were going to accept Islam. Most of them became Muslims but there were others however, who continued their own form of worship. Rasulullah  did not impose any conditions upon them but he persisted on peace and harmony among all the people, regardless of their religious beliefs. The concession so impressed the non believers that in due course nearly all the people of Makkah became Muslims.

Rasulullah  then issued a proclamation prohibiting any idol in a Muslim home. He ordered the destruction of all idols in and around Makkah. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) was sent with a cavalry of 30,000 to an oasis where they laid waste the great idol 'Uzza' to the ground. Su'a', the idol of Bani Hazeel and the famous 'Manat' at Qadeed were razed to the ground.

After the conquest of Makkah Rasulullah  spent 15 days in the city, during which he organized the affairs of Makkah and instructed its people in Islam. During this period, he sent forth delegations to call men peacefully to Islam without shedding blood and to destroy the idols.

Certain arch enemies of Islam were pardoned by Rasulullah  and they embraced Islam. Hinda the wife of Abu Soofyaan who had disemboweled the martyred body of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) Rasulullah  inspite of the detestable mutilation of the body of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) forgave her. Hinda when she returned to her house, lavished insults on her private family idol:
'O powerless idol! How mad we all were to rely on thy assistance and help'! And she smashed it to pieces. Ikrimah the son of Abu Jahl, who had organized the ambush that nearly entrapped Hazrat Khaild ibn Walid (R.A.) and his cavalry, had fled to the sea coast. Umme Hakim, daughter of al Harith ibn Hisham and the wife of Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl converted to Islam and sought pardon for her husband directly from Rasulullah . She was granted it. Rasulullah  also forgave Safwan ibn Umayyah who accompanied Ikrimah on his escape towards the sea and thence to Yaman.
Habbar bin Aswad had maltreated Hazrat Zainab binte Muhammed (R.A.)  when she was leaving Makkah for Madinah. She was far advance in pregnancy and as she was mounting her camel, Habbar ibn Aswad drove the butt end of his lance against her, throwing her to the ground, and eventually causing her death. Fearing deserved punishment, he fled. After hiding for some time he presented himself before Rasulullah  and embraced Islam in all sincerity. The wrong was great; the crime was atrocious- but the injury was personal. Pardon was unconditionally granted.

Wahshi al Habashi (R.A.), the slayer of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) was pardoned after embracing Islam.

As the Ansar of Madinah witnessed all this, and as they saw Rasulullah  on the top of Mount Safa inviting the Makkans to embrace Islam, they feared he might now give up Madinah and settle in his native city Makkah. It was quite likely that Rasulullah  would now make Makkah his capital. Rasulullah  inquired concerning their fears and said:
'Never by Allah! I have pledged to join you in life and death. I shall remain true to my promise'.

Evidently, neither relative, nor native city, nor even the Holy Ka'ba itself could change Rasulullah  from not honoring his pledge he once gave to those who stood by him in his hour of need. His word given at the conclusion of the 'Covenant of Aqabah' was to be honored in exemplary faithfulness and loyalty.

THE BATTLE OF HUNAIN

(SHAWWAL 8 A.H.)

After the conquest of Makkah, the Muslims remained in Makkah for two weeks during which they showed their joy over the victory which Allah had granted to them. They gave thanks that such a great victory had been achieved with such little bloodshed. The Muhajireen visited their old houses, their relatives and friends whom Allah had guided to the truth after the conquest. Everybody was satisfied that Islam was now fully established.

The formidable Bedouin tribe, the Hawaazin, the Banu Thakif and various other tribes pastured their flocks on the territories bordering Makkah. Some of these tribes possessed strongly fortified towns like Taif, and they were unwilling to render obedience to the Muslims without resistance. They formed a union with the intention of over powering Rasulullah  before he could make preparations to repulse (drive back) their attack. Anxious to prevent such a tragedy, they thought this hour of Muslim happiness and joy with victory, as the right time to get their forces together for an attack. It was the greater intention of these tribes of wrecking the Muslims' general plan of uniting all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.

It was towards this end, that Malik ibn Awf al Nidri succeeded in uniting the Hawaazin and Thakif tribes and gathered the tribes of Nasr and Jusham in one front opposing the Islamic movement as a whole. Only the Ka'ba and Kilaab clans of Hawaazin refused to join the new alliance. They also engaged the services of Durayd bin Simmah to advice them on war strategy.

Durayd bin Simmah, of the Jusham tribe, was a very old and blind man, too old to fight, but he was extremely wise and had the advantage of an extensive military experience and career.

After eight years the victorious Muslims were back in the land of their birth; free to walk  the streets, and mingle with their kith and kin; pay homage to sacred Ka'bah; listen to the soul stirring Adhaan of Hazrat Bilal Habshi (R.A.) and postrate before the creator five times a day. But all this newly found peaceful life was shattered by the news of the planned attack by the Hawaazin and Thakif tribes.

When Rasulullah  heard of the coming attack, he sent out a scout Hazrat Abdullah bin Hadr Aslami (R.A.) to get information of the enemy. He reported that the enemy was camped in the valley of Hunain, with 4000 men, their families and their animals. This valley was situated 24 kilometres from Makkah near Taif; in a corner of Dhul-Majaz. The Muslims set out under the leadership of Nabi  with such power and such number that they themselves had never seen before. There was twelve thousand of them, ten thousand of which were those who conquered Makkah and two thousand were new comers from the Quraish including Hazrat Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb (R.A.). Their war equipment was excellent and their armies were preceded by their cavalry (soldiers on horse back) and camels carrying their provision and ammunition. Theirs was an army the like of which the Arabian and Peninsula had never seen before. It consisted of many tribes, and each tribe had its own banner which it carried high above its ranks. They arrived at the valley of Hunain in the evening of the 1st Shawwal 8 A.H. and camped at the entrance of the valley until dawn, unaware that the enemy lay in ambush in the narrow crevices of the hills.

At dawn the following morning the army began to move, and Rasulullah  riding his white mule 'duldul'  was in the rear while Hazrat Khalid- ibn Walid (R.A.), commanded a group of soldiers from the Banu Sulaym, was in the front rank. Hazrat  Ishaaq bin Jaabir ibn Abdullah (R.A.) states:
'Shortly before daybreak we reached the 'Wadi' (valley) of  Hunain, at the entrance of an extremely narrow and deep pass'.
As the Muslims passed through the canyon (narrow pass), Malik ibn Auf Nadri ordered his army to attack in the darkness before dawn, first with arrows then with general charge. No sooner was the entire Muslim army in the pass pressed together shoulder to shoulder, when a lengthy whistling murmur was heard in the air like great swarms of locusts; clouds of arrows darkened the sky. The arrows were showered on the Muslims aimed from the ridges, overlooking the pass. The Muslims had fallen into an ambush organised by the cunning old man Durayd ibn Simmah.

The Muslims' rank broke up and were striken with panic. There was chaos and confusion and the Muslims began to retreat. Witnessing what had befallen the Muslims, Hazrat Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb (R.A.) felt no little pleasure at the temporary setback of his previous enemies who until now had been celebrating their victory over Makkah. He said:
'The Muslims will not be defeated until they are thrown into the sea'.

In this confusion of the ferocious attack of the enemy, Rasulullah  stood his ground and was surrounded by a number of Muhajireen, Ansaar and immediate relatives. As the Muslim soldiers passed by Rasulullah  called out to them and tried to rally them back to the ranks. But they did not hear his call. At one moment Rasulullah  almost plunged with his mule into enemy lines to stop their torrent of blows. Hazrat Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb (R.A) held back the reins of the mule and prevented it from carrying Rasulullah  forward.

Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttailb (R.A) a man of large stature and with a thunderous voice was asked by Rasulullah  to call out:
"O Ansaar! O men who opened their homes and helped Muhammad       O Muhajireen! O men who pledged their allegiance under the tree Muhammad  is still alive. Charge forward with him".
Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A) repeated his call until the whole valley resounded with its echo. The Muslims rallied with cries of "Labbaiq" (Here I am to do Thy bidding my Lord). The Muslims charged upon the enemies. They were convinced that theirs would be the victory and the fate of the martyr would even be greater than that of the surviving victor. The battle raged and men fell on all sides. Soon Hawaazin, Thaqif and their allies realised that their efforts were in vain and that they faced destruction and defeat. They turned around and started to flee, leaving behind their women, children and all their properties: 22,000 camels; 40,000 goats and 113400 grams of silver. The captives which numbered 6,000 were transported under Muslim protection to the valley of Ji'ra'nah where they were held until the Muslims returned from their pursuit of the enemy and from their blockade of the Thaqif tribe in the city of Taif.

The besieged kuffar shot arrows from the top of the walls and a few Muslims were martyred. Rasulullah  ordered the use of catapults which could sling heavy stones at the enmy. At one stage the Muslims began to cut down heavy palm groves behind which the enemy took shelter and attacked the Muslims. But the people of Ta'if pleaded with Rasulullah which could sling heavy stones at the enmy. At one stage the Muslims began to cut down heavy palm groves behind which the enemy took shelter and attacked the Muslims. But the people of Ta'if pleaded with Rasulullah  not to cut the palms and he readily agreed to this request.

The siege of Ta'if lasted for eighteen days. During the siege Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A) to the temples of Banu Thaqif around Ta'if to destroy all idols. The famous idols of 'Laat' at Ta'if, the idol of "Wu'ud" at Dawmat al Jandal were destroyed.

Rasulullah  offered freedom to those slaves of Thaqif who sought shelter with the Muslims.
One night, during the siege, Rasulullah  dreamt that he was offered one bowl of liquid butter, but a fowl toppled the bowl over, spilling the butter. He asked Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) for its interpretation. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) replied that his opinion was that the Muslims will not be able to succeed in capturing the fort of Ta'if. Rasulullah  ordered the Muslims to raise the siege and prayed:
"O Allah, enlighten the people of Ta'if and inspire them with desire to come to Thy Rasool of their own free will".

Rasulullah  arrived at Jiranah where he distributed the War booty according to lslamic principles. There were 22,000 camels, 40,000 goats and 113,400 grams of silver and 6,000 prisoners among whom were many women and children.
While he was at Jiranah, Rasulullah  received a deputation from the Banu Hawaazin reminding him of his link to the tribe to which Hazrat Halima Sadia (R.A.) belonged. The Hawaazin begged for forgiveness for their part in the war and requested the release of their people who were taken prisoners. Rasulullah  and the Sahaba agreed to this request and released.all the Hawaazin captured in the war. Among them Rasulullah  found his foster sister Shai'ma, the daughter of Hazrat Halima Sadia (R.A.) He offered to take her to Madinah to live with him as his sister if she so wished. Shai'ma embraced Islam but preferred to return to the Hawaazin. Nabi  showered her with abundance of gifts including two slaves.

Regarding the distribution of the war booty Rasulullah  was obliged to resort to the most skillful political means in order to avoid all kinds of ill feelings, and to prevent dangerous jealousy arising among the Sahaba (R.A.). All the spoils, nevertheless, were nearly all allotted and he seemed to have forgotten his devoted Ansaar who naturally expected to rank amongst the first to be rewarded. With ever increasing surprise they saw no share offered to them, and the rich bounty flowing into the hands of the Quraish and the Bedouins. The Ansaar exchanged bitter remarks:
"By Allah, Rasulullah  thinks only of his own people. Now that he has returned victoriuos to his birthplace we are forgotten".
Hazrat Sa'd ibn Ubadah (R.A.) having heard these complaints went to Rasulullah  and informed him of the feelings of the Ansaar. Rasulullah  asked him to call the Ansaar together.
When they were assembled, Rasulullah  said:
"O Ansaari It has been reported to me that you were personally angry, that you do not approve of my distribution of the booty. Do tell me, I came to you, did I not find you sunk in misguidance and error and did not Allah guide you to the truth through me? Did I not find you in a state of need and did not Allah make you happy? Did I not find you enemies of one another and did not Allah reconcile your hearts?"
The Ansaar answered. "Truly! Allah and His Rasool have been very generous and very loving;" and they fell into silence. Rasulullah  continued:

"Did you not welcome me with love and generosity when I was homeless? Have you not the right to say to me: 'You came to us rejected as an imposter and we believed in you, you came as a helpless fugitive and we assisted you, poor and an outcast and we gave you shelter, comfortless and we gave you comfort.' Had you replied to me in this manner you would have said nothing but the truth and I would have had to agree. O Ansaar, are you angry because I have given away some goods to those whom I seek to win to lslam? O Ansaar why disturb your hearts beacuse of the things of this life? Are you not satisfied, O Ansaar, that all the people return from this conquest loaded with goods and camels whereas you return with the Rasool of Allah. By Him who dominates Muhammed's soul in His hands, there is no people whom I love to belong beside the Ansaar. If all mankind went one way and the Ansaar went another, I would certainly join the Ansaar. O Allah, show mercy to the Ansaar and bless them, and their children. Show Your mercy to them and keep them under Your protection".

Rasulullah  said these words with great affection for all the men of the Ansaar who had pledged their loyalty and allegiance to him, who had helped him and who had found their strength in him. Indeed Rasulullah  was so moved by his feelings for them that he cried. The Ansaar cried with him and declared with one voice:
"Verily, we accept our share of the booty, for the most beautiful portion is ours".

Rasulullah  left Jiranah to visit Makkah. After performing the Umrah, he appointed Hazrat Attab ibn Usayd governor of Makkah, and Hazrat Mu'adah ibn Jabal (R.A.) to teach the 'deen and the Qur'aan'. On the 24th of Zil-Qadah 8 A.H. Rasulullah  returned to Madinah with all the Sahabah (R.A.). In due course a leader of Ta'if, Urwa bin Mas'ud arrived in Madinah and embraced Islam. He sought Rasulullah  's permission to go back to Ta'if and preach to his people to become Muslims. But Rasulullah  warned him that the people of Ta'if would certainly kill him because they were very arrogant and proud of the fact that the Muslims could not defeat them. No sooner did Hazrat Urwa (R.A.), returned to Ta'if and started to preach, his people killed him.

MARCH ON TABOOK

RAJAB 9 A.H.

Among the many epistles of invitation to Islaam sent by Rasulullah  to various kings; monarchs and chiefs, one was for Heraclius of Rome. The emperor was very impressed and believed Rasulullah  was the Rasool of Allah. However, when, when he realised that  he had to choose between Islaam and his throne, he chose to remain the emperor and lost out on the virtues that Islaam had to offer him. Moreover, his Christian clergy had also been responsible for his decision to remain Christian.

During that period Rasulullah  had also sent Hazrat Harith ibn Umair (R.A.) with an epistle to the king of Syria. But the Roman Governor of Syria-Shurahbil al Ghassani had intercepted Hazrat Harith ibn Umir (R.A.) and killed him. Rasulullah  had sent a Muslim army to avenge his death. The battle took place at Mu'tah. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) who took over the command of the Muslim army after the martyrdom of Hazrat Zayd ibn Harithah; (R.A.)  Hazrat Jafar ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and Hazart Abdullah ibn Rawaha (R.A.), led the Muslims (3000 men) valiantly against an army of 100,000 men.

Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) making full use of his great military experience and unique wisdom and foresight in a battle, he first commanded the Muslims to recognise their ranks and recoup their forces. He allowed only skirmishes with the enemy in order to gain time. Soon night came and the two armies disengaged until the following morning . During the night, Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) carefully laid out his plan. He sent a number of men toward the rear deploying them in such a way as to give the impression the next morning that massive reinforcement from Madinah were arriving to join the battle. The maneuver worked. Recalling their losses and the Muslims' fierce acts of war on the previous day, the Byzantines decided to abandon the battlefield. The Muslims, pleased by the withdrawal of the enemy, withdrew towards Madina.

The convincing power of the Muslims, their rapid growth as a nation and finally the conquest of Makkah, prompted the governors and heads of states to curb the flow of this Islamic tide. They prepared for the final showdown with the Muslims. They sought the assistance of the Roman emperor because some states were under his dependency. From his capital at Constantinople, he issued orders for the mobilization of the Roman army to assist the Syrians and other smaller Christian states. This combined force advanced and made camp at Balqa on the border of Syria. The soldiers in the army were each paid an advance salary for a year. While still engaged in bringing security and order to the distant regions of the Arabian Peninsula, the news reached Rasulullah  that the Byzantium (Roman) ruler (Heraclius) was gathering an army to invade the northern areas of Arabia. It was also rumored that this Roman army would seek to destroy the emerging power of the Muslims who now stood at the borders of both the Byzantine (Rome) and Persian (Iran) empire.

On hearing of the impeding danger from the Romans, Rasulullah  was convinced that it would become difficult to repulse the Romans once they had set foot on Arab soil. So the best strategy was to go out and confront the enemy on the borders of Syria at once without hesitation. Rasulullah  decided that  the Roman army must be met and destroyed so completely that the Byzantines would not think again of attacking Arabia or interfering in its affairs.

The impeding war could not have come at a worse time for the Muslims. It was Autumn, but the desert heat, being greater in the beginning of Autumn than in summer, was all the more deadly. Moreover, a long distance separated Madinah from Shaam (Syria). Any venture to cross it required great amount of water and provision. A hot dry wind blew across the Arabian Peninsula. The previous year had been dry and fruitless, but they had hoped to compensate themselves this year with the ripe fruit, ready for picking in the orchards. Besides, the war meant confrontation with an empire which practically ruled half of the world and its military might was greatly advanced.

Notwithstanding the odds against them, the devotees of Islaam put themselves and their wealth entirely at the command of Allah and at Rasulullah  disposal. An appeal went out to all Muslims for their assistance by Rasulullah . Young and old, the strong and the weak, the mounted and others on foot, all converged to the courtyard of Masjid-e-Nabawi. The courtyard was filled with dirhams and dinaars foodstuff, animal and weapons. Hazrat Uthman (Ghani) ibn Affan (R.A.) gave 1000 camels. Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) gave half of all his possession. Hazrat Abu Bakr ibn Abu Quhafah al Taymi (al-Siddiq) (R.A) gave everything he possessed . When Rasulullah  asked if he had left anything for his family, he replied:
'I have left Allah and His Rasool  for them'.
Hazrat Abd al Rahman ibn Awf (R.A.) gave 40,000 dirahams. Hazrat Abu Tufial Ansaari (R.A.) gave 8 kg of dry dates. Some laborers were known to have parted with all their wages for the worthy cause. No contribution came from the Munafiqeen, since they were now busy conspiring and adding fuel to fire against the Muslims. They were inwardly gloating at the thought that the mighty Roman Empire will eventually trample all over the Muslims.

The Munafiqeen, as before, did not intend to go to battle with the Muslims. They returned to Madinah and went about taunting Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.), who was left behind as guardian of the household of Rasulullah . The unfavorably said that he was deliberately left behind  because he was unworthy of the battle against the Romans. Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) could not tolerate this stigma and rode up to Rasulullah  on the way to Tabook and complained of what the Muafiqeen said. Rasulullah  consoled him with the words that Hazrat Ali (R.A.) was "to him as Haroon (A.S.) was to Hazrat Moosa (A.S.)" and that the responsibility of the household in Madinah was a noble as when Rasulullah  was absent. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) was satisfied with the explanation and he returned to Madina a wiser man.

The army was finally assembled and counted 30,000 men including a cavalry (soldiers on horse) of 1000 while Rasulullah  was busy settling the affairs of Madinah - handing over the governor ship to Hazrat Muhammed ibn Maslamah (R.A.), appointing Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) as guardian of his household and giving each the necessary instructions. The army  left Madinah in Rajab 9 A.H. After an hour's journey the army arrived at Dhu Awan, a locality near Madinah. The Muafiqeen informed Rasulullah  that they had built a masjid and it was their desire that Rasulullah  should perform salaat there. The time however was pressing and Rasulullah  asked to be excused. It was well-known fact that this structure was the center of conspiracy and rebellion against the Muslims. They had the audacity to ask Rasulullah  to perform his salaat in their "mosque" which they said would be preserved with glorification by his prayer.

The Muslim army arrived at al Hijr where the rock-hewn remains of 'The People of Thamud' stood, and Rasulullah S.A.W. commanded the army to dismount  for a brief rest. Rasulullah  ordered the army against drinking the water or using it for wudhu. The army then marched in the direction of Tabook and reached the oasis of Tabook which was between Madinah and Damascus and camped there waiting for the enemy to approach.

When Heraclius heard of the strength of the Muslims, he was awe-stricken. He thought that if 3000 Muslims defeated 100,000 warriors of Shurahbil al Ghassani at Mu'tah then 30,000 Muslims who were waiting for the Romans at Tabook would not be easy to defeat. Heraclius was at his height of glory having recently defeated the Persians in an encounter. A defeat for him at the hands of the Muslims would be humiliating and a bleak future for the Roman Empire in the region. He withdrew his troops. Other Christian states followed the example of Heraclius and withdrew.

When Rasulullah  learned of their fear and withdrawal, he saw no reason  to pursue them within their territory. Instead, Nabi  remained in Tabook for twenty days inviting all the people in the region to befriend them. His purpose was to spread Islam and secure the frontiers of Arabia, the centre of Islam.

Ukaydir ibn Abd al Malik al Kindi, the Christian prince of Dawmat al Jandal refused the hand of friendship and was suspected of preparing to launch a treacherous attack on the Muslims. Taking no chances Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) with 500 cavalrymen to deal with this threat and commanded the rest of the army to return to Madinah. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) hurried with his men to Dumah and discovering that its king was out on a hunting trip with his brother Hassan attacked it without finding any appreciable resistance outside the city; its gates, however, remained tightly closed. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) seized Ukaydir and his brother Hassan and they returned home. Hassan was killed and Ukaydir was asked to open the gates of the city or be killed. Ukaydir and his city yielded. After seizing two thousand camels, eight hundred goats, four hundred loads of grain, and four hundred coats of arms, Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) carried them, together with his captive, Prince Ukaydir, to Madinah. Rasulullah  offered Islaam to Ukaydir, and the latter converted. He was reinstated on his throne and became Rasulullah  's ally.

When the Muslim army reached Dhu Awan, the headquarters of the Munafiqeen, Rasulullah  ordered the demolition of the Munafiqeen mosque (al- Zarar). The munafiqeen shook with fear and went into hiding. From then on, Rasulullah  dealt more and more severely with the munafiqeen, whose presence and influence among the Muslims became increasingly grave and demanded decisive solution.

Rasulullah  and the Muslims returned to Madinah in Ramadhaan 9 A.H. after being away for two months. With the campaign of Tabook, the word of Allah became supreme throughout the whole Arabian Peninsula. Arab frontiers became secure and the people of Arabia began to enter Islam en masse and to merge into greater unity under Rasulullah  When the people of Ta'if heard of Rasulullah 's triumphant return from Tabook, they had to admit that they would never be able to confront the powerful Muslims. They sent a delegation under Abd Ya Layl ibn Amr to pay their respect to Rasulullah  Finally the Banu Thaqif of Ta'if accepted Islam, and pledged on the hands of Rasulullah  on behalf of the people of Ta'if. Hazrat Uthman ibn Abu al-As (R.A.) was  appointed ruler of Ta'if. Rasulullah  instructed Hazrat Mughira ibn Sho'abah (R.A.) to demolish the temple and its deity "Laat" at Ta'if. The delegation remained in Madinah as guests of Rasulullah  during the rest of Ramadhaan, fasting with Rasulullah  and eating the food which he presented to them at sunset and before dawn. When it was time for them to leave and return home, Rasulullah  counseled their leaders Hazrat Uthman ibn al-As (R.A.) , saying:
"Be brief when leading the salaah, and measure the people by the weakest among them. Remember that among them are the old, the youth, the weak, and the deprived".

Rasulullah  was inundated with one delegation after another from all around Arabia. The people came, accepted Islam and pledged their allegiance to Rasulullah . Rasulullah  appointed Amirs and Governors in every area where Islam had taken root. His faithful and trusted Sahaba worked tirelessly towards furthering the Islamic cause.

As these delegation followed one another to Madinah, the month of Hajj approached and Hajj became 'Fardh; Rasulullah  was so preoccupied with his missionary work that he appointed Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) as the 'Amir' to lead 300 Muslims for Hajj to Makkah.The Masjid al Nabawi became the center of instructions for the pilgrims and Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) taught them the various formalities and procedures of Hajj. Rasulullah  sent twenty camels while Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) took five camels for 'qurbani' (sacrifice).

When Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) and the pilgrims had departed for Makkah, Rasulullah  was given the revelation of 40 ayaah of Surah Bara'ah which among other revelations, forbade the Mushrikeen (infidels) from entering 'Haram'; 'tawaf' was not to be performed in a naked form by anyone, as it was the custom of the Mushrikeen to perform 'tawaf' in a naked state. Rasulullah  sent Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) to Makkah to announce these revelations after the Hajj Khutbah (sermon).

THE FAREWELL HAJJ

YEAR 10 A.H.

In the Year 10 A.H. the power of the kuffar and oppositions of the non Muslims states had virtually disappeared. The mission of Rasulullah  had been completed. The Muslims began to enjoy peace, prosperity and security. Arabia became an Islamic State and this afforded the Muslims the opportunity to practise their faith freely and without any hindrance from anyone.

Rasulullah  appointed his trustworthy and pious Sahaba (R.A.) to various parts of Arabia to propound and to consolidate the principles of Islam and to guide those, who in their weakness, might bring disrepute to the faith. Islam had reached the highest pinnacle of glory. The Sahaba (R.A.) were tutored and trained by their beloved Nabi  on the five pillars of Islam: (1) Imaan (belief) (2) Salaah (prayer) (3) Saum (fasting) (4) Zakaat (charity) (5) Hajj (pilgrimage).

Rasulullah  established "madaris"; courts of justice; protection for the underprivileged and the oppressed. Learned Sahaba (R.A.) were appointed Amirs, magistrates, judges and governors under the banner of Islam.

Hazrat Khail ibn Walid (R.A.) was responsible for bringing the tribes of Najraan into the fold of Islam. Hazrat Ali Abu Talib (R.A.) annexed the formidable Bazaan, the king of Yemen to the Islamic State. Then came the revelation of Surah Nasr:

"When come the help of Allah, and victory, and

when you see the people enter Allah's Deen in

Crowds,

Then celebrate the Praise of your Lord, and pray

for his Forgiveness: for no doubt He accepts

repentance'.

Rasulullah  understood that Allah was pleased with his humble work and gaining the impression of his approaching end, he announced his intention to perform Hajj, the ultimate rite of every Muslim. He advised his Sahaba (R.A.) to do likewise.

The month of Dhu al Qadah was almost at an end, to be followed by Dhul Hijjah the month of Hajj (pilgrimage). Until that time, Nabi  had not performed the Hajj, though he had performed Umrah on two previous occasions. The ritual (arkan) of Hajj had to be established in its entirety so that Muslims might learn to follow it.

As soon as the people knew of Rasulullah  's  intention and heard his call to march with him for Hajj, the whole Peninsula reverberated with the call, and thousands and thousands of people from all corners poured into Madinah. From every town and village. From every mountain and valley, from every plain and desert across the wide Peninsula the people arrived to perform the Hajj. It was as if this very vast expanse of land had all been illuminated by the dazzling light of Allah and his Rasool  Around Madinah tents were set up to accommodate the new visitors, numbering 100,000 or more, who rose up in response to the call of their Nabi . All these men came as brethren, in love and respect for one another, and united in true bond of friendship and Islamic brotherhood. whereas but yesteryear they had been the most hostile of enemies. These thousands upon thousands of men filled the streets of Madinah, all manifesting the smiles of faith, the certainty of conviction and the confidence and pride of true religion. Their gathering was an inspiring evidence of the victory of truth, of the wide reach of the light of Allah and the deep bond of truth and righteousness which had cemented them one to the other so that they stood like one great fortress.

There was feverish activity in Madinah. But above all, every Muslim longed to see Rasulullah  People jostled and clamoured to touch him or part of his garment for blessings. The scene of respect, love and tenderness and the reverence of the Sahaba (R.A.) towards their beloved Nabi  could never have been witnessed in any kingdom of the world.

On the twenty fifth of Dhul Qadah of the year 10 A.H. (23rd February 632 A.D.) Rasulullah  set forth towards Makkah accompanied by all his wives each riding her own carriage. He was followed by a great multitude, numbering 114,000. These men marched with consciences deeply moved by their Imaan, with hearts full of joy and contentment at their intended accomplishment of Hajj to the holy sanctuary of Allah.

They reached Dhu al Hulayfah at the end of the day and there they spent the night. On the following morning, Rasulullah  put on his Ehram (sacred state) and the Muslims followed his example. Everyone changed their clothes and put on two pieces of unsewn white cloth, the simplest of all garments. In this way, they expressed the absolute equal political, economic and legal right for all its citizens-Islam, in its most eloquent highest sense. Muhammed  turned to Allah with all his heart and mind praying, "At your service O Allah! At your service! You have no associates! At your service, O Allah! Praise be to Allah! Thank be to Allah! At your service' O Allah! You have no associates, O Allah! At your service O Allah". all the Muslims repeated these words after him. Deserts, valleys and mountains reverberated with this prayer. The sky itself reverberated with the call of all those pious, believing and worshipping souls.

Thus the procession continued on its way to Makkah, its thousands and hundreds of thousands filling the air with the sound of his prayer. At every masjid on the way to Makkah, the procession would stop to pray, and the voices of thousands would rise proclaiming the unity of Allah, their praise and blessing in anticipation of the great day of Hajj that awaited them. Everyone impatient to reach the sanctuary of Allah that he revered and honoured more than anything else in the world. Undoubtedly the deserts, mountains , valley, the trees, birds and skies were moved by what they witnessed in this great call, the like of which they had never heard before. They and the Peninsula had been blessed by the coming Nabi Muhammed , the servant of Allah and his Rasool.

The procession reached Makkah on the fourth of Dhul al Hijjah. Upon arrival, Rasulullah  followed by the Sahaba (R.A.) hastened to the Ka'bah. There Rasulullah  went to the Hajr-e-Aswad (Black Stone) and kissed it. Then he circumambulated the holy sanctuary seven times, the first three of which he did at a trotting pace, just as he had done during the Umra. He then proceeded to the sanctuary of Ibrahim (A.S.) where he performed salaah. Returning to the Hajr-e-Aswad, he kissed it once more than went to Mount al Safa and from there performed the Sai between that mount and the mount of Marwah.

On the eight day of Dhul al Hijjah Rasulullah  went to Mina and spent the day and night in that locality. There he performed all Salaah incumbent during that period. The following day, Nabi S.A.W. recited his Fajr Salaat and, at sunrise, proceeded on his camel al Qaswa, to the Mount of Arafat, followed by all the pilgrims. As he ascended the mountain, he was surrounded by thousands of his Sahaba (R.A.) reciting the talbiyah and the takbir. Nabi  asked some of the Sahaba (R.A.) to put up a tent for him on the east side of the mountain as a spot called Namirah. When the sun passed the zenith, he ordered his camel to be saddled, and rode on it until he reached the valley of 'Uranah'.

It was there that he, while sitting on his camel, delivered his sermon in a loud voice to his people. Hazrat Rabi'ah ibn Umayyah ibn Khalaf (R.A.) repeated the sermon after him sentence by sentence.

He began by praising Allah and thanking Him, and turning to the people, he said:
"O Men. listen well to my words, for I do not know whether I shall meet you again on such an occasion in the future. O men, your lives and your property shall be inviolate until you meet your Lord. The safety of your lives and of your property shall be as inviolate as this holy day and holy month. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord and that He will indeed reckon your deeds. Thus do I warn you. Whoever of you is keeping a trust of someone else shall return that trust to its rightful owner. All interest obligation shall henceforth be waived. Your capital however, is yours to keep. You will neither inflict nor suffer injustice. Allah has judged that there shall be no interest and that all the interest due to 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al Muttalib shall hence forth be waived. Every right arising out of homicide in pre-islamic days is henceforth waived. And the first such right that I waive is that arising from the murder of Rabi'ah ibn Hrith ibn 'Abd al Muttalib. (ibn Rabi'ah, a cousin of Rasulullah . He was confided, in infancy, to the care of a family of the Banu Laith. This child was cruelly murdered by the member of the tribe of Huzail, but the murder was not yet avenged). O Men, the shaytaan has lost all hope of ever being worshipped in this land of yours. Nevertheless, he still is anxious to induce you in the lesser of your deeds. Beware of him, therefore, for the safety of your religion. O Men, adding or tampering with the calendar is evidence of great unbelief and confirms the unbelievers in their misguidance. They include in it one year and forbid it in the next in order to make permissible that which Allah forbade, and to forbid that which Allah has made permissible. The pattern according to which the time is reckoned is always the same.  With Allah, the month are twelve in number. (The Arabs added a month every three years to re-established equilibrium and bring the same dates back to the same seasons). O men, to you a right belongs with respect to your women a right with respect to you. It is your right that they do not fraternize with any one whom you do not approve, as well as never to commit adultery. But if they do, then Allah has permitted you to isolate them within their homes and to chastise them without cruelty. But if they abide by your right, then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be kind to them, for they are you partners and committed helpers. Remember that you have taken them as your wives and enjoy their flesh only under Allah's trust and with His permission. Reason well, therefore, O men, and ponder my words which I now convey to you. I am leaving you with the Kitab of Allah and the Sunnah of His Rasool. If you follow them, you will never go astray . O Men, listen well to my words. Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslim constitute one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belonged to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. Do not therefore do injustice to your own slaves. Let him that is present tell it unto him that is absent. Possibly he that shall be told may remember better than he who had heard it".

As Rasulullah  delivered his speech, Hazrat Rabi'ah ibn Umayyah ibn Khalaf (R.A.) repeated it sentence by sentence and asked the people every now and then whether or not they had understood Rasulullah  's words and committed them to memory. In order to make sure that the people understood and remembered, Rasulullah  used to ask his message bearer to say "The Rasool of Allah asks, 'Do you know which day is this?" The audience would answer, "Today is the day of Hajj".

At the end of the speech, Rasulullah  exclaimed. "O Allah! I have delivered my message and accomplished my work". The assembled Sahaba (R.A.) below with one voice cried, "Yes, indeed so! Allah be witness". O Allah I beseech you, bear you witness unto it".

With these words Rasulullah  finished his address, which according to tradition, was remarkable for its length, its eloquence and enthusiasm. Rasulullah  dismounted and waited till noon, at which time he performed both the noon (zohar) and the mid afternoon (Asr) salaah. He then mounted his camel and proceed to al Sakarat where he recited to the people the concluding divine revelation : "Today I have completed for you your religion, and granted you the last of my blessings. Today I have accepted for you Islam as the religion". When Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiqe (R.A.) heard these verse he realized that with the completion of the divine message, Rasulullah 's life was soon to come to a close.

Rasulullah  left 'Arafat and spent his night at Muzdalifah. In the morning, he first visited the sanctuary of al Mash'ar, and then Mina on the road to which he threw pebbles against the symbol of Shaytaan. When he reached his tent, he sacrificed sixty three camels, one for each year of his life. Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib
(R.A), sacrificed the rest (37) of the animals which Rasulullah S.A.W had brought with him from Madinah. Rasulullah  then had his head shaved by Hazrat Mi'mar ibn Abdullah (R.A.) and returned to Makkah to perform the Tawaf. On the same day he returned to Mina where he stayed for three days. On the 13th day after midday he departed from Minah towards Makkah. On the way he stopped over in the valley of Muhassab and performed the Zohar, Asr, Maghrib and Esha Salaah there and rested for the night. In the last part of the night he entered Makkah, performed his last Tawaf thereafter read his Fajr Salaah and departed for Madinah.

This Hajj is sometimes called "The Farewell Hajj". Others have called it the "Hajj of the Annunciation" and others, the "Hajj of Islam". In reality, Rasulullah 's Hajj was all these at once. It was the "Farewell Hajj: because Rasulullah  saw Makkah and the holy Haram for the last time. It was also the "Hajj of Islam" because Allah completed His religion for the benefit of mankind and granted them His total blessing. Finally, it was also the "Hajj of Annunciation" because Rasulullah  completed his announcement and conveyance to the people of what had been commanded by Allah to announce and to convey.

THE DEMISE OF HAZRAT MUHAMMED 

The "farewell" Hajj" completed, tens of thousands of pilgrims began their return home. Those who came from deserts returned to the desert; those who came from Tihamah returned there, and those who came from the south of Yemen, Hadramawt and neighboring territories did likewise. Rasulullah  and his Sahaba (R.A.)  set out in the direction of Madinah. When they reached their homes, they settled down confident that peace had covered the entire Peninsula. From here, it was natural that Rasulullah  became preoccupied with the conditions of those countries under the rule of Byzantium and Persia, especially Sham, Egypt and Iraq. Now that the people had coverted to Islam in such large groups, that their delegations had already declared in Madinah their obedience and committed their people to serve under its banner and, finally, now that all the Arabs have united, the Arabian Peninsula became secure in its entirety. Indeed, there was no reason for any of the Arab kings and chiefs to withdraw or to violate loyalty to Rasulullah  or to Islaam. Under no other regime did they enjoy more power and internal security under that which the Unlettered Nabi  had instituted.

In Muharram 11 A.H. Rasulullah  visited Uhad and prayed for the souls of the beloved martyrs who had sacrificed their lives for Allah and his Rasool  He then visited "Jannatul Baqi", the Muslim cemetery in Madinah and offered prayers for the departed. It was during his return from "Jannatul Baqi" that he developed a sever headache. Hazrat Abu Muwayhibah (R.A.) who had accompanied him to the cemetery supported Rasulullah  to the apartment of Rasulullah 's wife Hazrat Maymunah binte Harith bin Hazin (R.A.) His headache brought on a fever and he was confided to bed. It was not easy for the Muslims, considering their great love for Rasulullah  The Sahaba (R.A.) knew that Rasulullah  never suffered from any serious illness. Nothing had adversely affected his health throughout this period except a brief lack of appetite in 6 A.H. to Jewish magic, and a little discomfort following his eating a bite of poisoned lamb in 7 A.H. Furthermore, the rhythm of his life and the logic of his teachings always protected him with the barest and simplest necessities. His clothes and his house always perfectly clean, For Rasulullah  not only saw it that the duties of ablutions were perfectly carried out at all times, but he even used to say: "Were it not for my fear of imposing hardship on my people I would have made it duty for them to brush their teeth five times a day". On the other hand, the ritual of prayer and daily exercise which Rasulullah  observed as well as his sense for economy in the pursuit of pleasure, his refrain from indulgences of all kinds, and his general unconcern for things of this world which always kept him at a distance from them, but in attachment to the life after this life and the secret of existence - all the aspects of their character protected him against disease and gave him good health. His strong natural, construction and innate inclination to moral goodness consolidated his immunity against disease.

The news of Rasulullah 's illness spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The rebellious impostors raised their heads in mischief claiming prophet hood. Among, them were Musailimah Kazzab of Yamama, Aswas al Ansi ibn Ka'ab of Yemen, Tulaiha ibn Khuwaylid and a woman Sajjaa binte Harith . Each of them individually laid claims to prophethood. Musailimah Kazzab had negotiated with Rasulullah  regarding his claim to prophethood. He sent a message to Rasulullah  saying: "I too am a prophet like you. To us belong half of the earth, and to the Quraish belong the other half, if the Quraish were only just". Rasulullah  asked the envoy of Musailimah to convey to him: "That, I Muhammed heard his message and realized its lies. The earth belongs to none but Allah, and Allah grants it to whomsoever He chooses among His worthy and righteous servants. Peace belongs to the rightly guided."

Musailimah Kazzab met his death by the hands of Wahsi (R.A.), during the Khilaphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.). Wahsi would go about saying with great remorse that when he was a "kaafir", he had martyred one of the holiest persons (Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) and when he embraced Islaam he killed one of the most evil persons (Musailimah Kazzab of Yemen), during the Khilaphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.).

Rasulullah  was in the house of Hazrat Maymunah (R.A.), when he found it necessary to call the members of his house and to ask of them to attend to him in the house of Hazrat Ai'sha (R.A.) His wives agreed to nurse him there. He moved out of Hazrat Maymunah (R.A.)'s house, his head wrapped, leaning on Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A.) on one side and Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) on the other. His  legs could hardly carry him. He entered the quarters of Hazrat Ai'sha (R.A.) and there he lay down.

Inspite of all his illness he continued to administer the affairs of the Muslim State. He appointed Hazrat Usamah (R.A.) the son of Hazat Zaid bin Harith, as Commander of an expeditionary force to avenge the death of his father who had been martyred at Mu'tah. The significance of Hazrat Usamah (R.A.)'s appointment was also an indication of Rasulullah 's confidence, love and respect for his Ummah, regardless of the persons being a slave or his progeny. Furthermore, he placed all the Sahaba (R.A.) including Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) Hazrat Umar bin Khattab(R.A.) the senior most, under the command of Hazrat Usamah (R.A.) for this particular expedition.
However Hazrat Usamah (R.A.) had left Madinah with his army and camped temporarily outside Madinah at Jurf because of Rasulullah 's illness. The Sahaba (R.A.) in the expedition often came into Madinah with the permission of Hazrat Usama (R.A.) to be at the bedside of Rasulullah .
Rasulullah 's fever increased in the first days of his sickness so much that he felt as if on fire. When the attack of fever subsided, Rasulullah  walked to the Masjid to lead the prayer. He continued to do so for several days but felt too weak to talk to the Sahaba (R.A.) or to listen to them. But he could hear their gossip about his appointment of a very young man to command the elder Muhajirun and Ansar in the coming campaign against Sham (Syria). Despite the gradual deterioration of his health and the aggravation of his pain, he felt it necessary to address the people on that subject.

One day he asked his wives and servants to pour on him seven goatskins of water from various wells. The water was brought from different wells as commanded and poured over him as he sat in a tub belonging to Hazrat Hafsah bint Umar ibn Kattab (R.A.) He then put on his clothes, wrapped his head and went to the Masjid. Standing at the pulpit he praised Allah, prayed for the martyrs of Uhad, and addressed the congregation in the following words: "O Men, carry out the expedition under Usamah (R.A.) Your complaint against his generalship is of the same kind as your complaint against generalship against his father before him. By Allah, Usamah is as fit for the generalship as was his father". Rasulullah  stopped for a while, and there was absolute silence. He then resumed his address, saying: "Has he not made a better choice who, when given the option of taking this world, the other world, or property submit in whatever is with Allah, choose the last alternative?" Nabi  fell silent again, and the people were absolutely motionless. With his deep understanding and sensitivity Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) realized that Muhammed  was here referring to himself. His loyalty to Rasulullah  and profound feeling for his person overwhelmed Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.), who could not hold back his tears. Deeply moved and crying, he said:
"But we would give our own lives and the lives of our children for you. O Muhammed  ".
Fearing the spread of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) contagious affection among the congregation, Rasulullah  said softly: "O Abu Bakr!" He then commanded all the gates of the masjid to be closed except the one which led to the quarters of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.). When this was done he said: "I do not know of anyone whose companionship is preferable to me than yours. Of all the people of the would, I would choose only Abu Bakr  as a permanent friend and constant companion. His has been the friendship and fraternity of true faith and it will last until Allah brings us together again". Rasulullah  left the pulpit to return to Hazrat A'isha (R.A.)'s quarters. As he did, he turned to the people and said: "O Muhajireen, be good to the Ansar. The Muslim community increases every day, but the number of the Ansar remains the same. The Ansar have been my own people, my trustworthy people among whom I have taken shelter. Be good to the virtuous among, them reward the pious, and forgive the wrongdoers.

The following day, Rasulullah  tried to get out of bed and lead the prayers in the Masjid as usual. When he found his effort futile, he ordered that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) lead the prayer in his place. Hazrat A'isha (R.A.) was anxious for Rasulullah  to lead the prayer himself . She thought that nothing would better allay fears of the people than  for them to see Rasulullah  resume his daily functions. She therefore apologized for her father, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) saying that his voice was too soft and that he would break down  and cry whenever he recited the Qur'aan. Realizing his incapacity to rise from bed, Nabi  ordered once again that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) lead the prayers. When Hazrat A'isha (R.A.) insisted, Rasulullah  in anger said: "How obsessive are women! Order Abu Bakr (R.A.) to lead the prayers at once".

After this, Rasulullah 's sickness and pain increased. His fever was so high it could be felt by his wives and servants upon touching the blankets which covered him. Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) his daughter, whom he loved deeply as his only surviving offspring, visited him everyday. Whenever she entered his room, Nabi  would cry, kiss her, and give her his own chair. One day when she entered the room, he greeted her saying, "Welcome my daughter". But it was she who kissed him. He asked her to sit by him on his bed and whispered to her twice, first making her cry then making her laugh. Hazrat A'isha (R.A.) sought to discover what was said: but Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) refused to give away what she took to be a secret. It was not until after Nabi 's demise that Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) divulged what Rasulullah  had then told her, namely that he was to leave this world of that same sickness - which caused her to cry - and that she would be the first member of his family to join  him after death - which made her smile.
In order to cool his fever, Rasulullah  dipped his hand in container by his bed, filled every now and then with cold water, and wiped his face. At times the high fever gave him convulsions, recovering from one of these attacks, he overheard his daughter Fatima (RA.) saying with deep sorrow: "Oh, the terrible pain my father is suffering!" At this Rasulullah  said, "Your father will suffer no more pain this day", meaning he was to meet his Lord before the day was over.

At the beginning of his illness Rasulallah  had in his house seven Dinars; he feared he might leave this world while some money was still in his possession. He therefore commanded his relatives to give the money away to the poor. However, their preoccupation with his sickness and constant attendance upon, in addition to their concern for his deteriorating health, caused them to forget to carry out his order. When he came to himself on Sunday, on the eve of the day of his passing away, Rasulullah  enquired whether they had fulfilled his order. Hazrat Aisha (R.A) answered that the money was still in her hand. He then said: "What spectacle is this of Muhammad, if he were to meet Allah in this condition?" The money was thereafter given to the poor.
Rasulullah  spent a peaceful night in which his fever seemed to subside. It was as if the medicine which his relatives had prepared for him had somewhat alleviated the disease. In the morning he was even able to go to the Masjid although his head was still wrapped and he needed to lean on Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (RA) and Fadl ibn al Abbas (RA) Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) was leading the prayer at the time of Nabi  's entry into the Masjid. As the Sahaba (RA) saw Rasulullah  come in, they were so overjoyed at his recovery that they almost allowed their prayer to be interrupted. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) raised  his voice in the recitation signaling that the prayer must go on and not to be interrupted. Rasulullah  was extremely pleased with what he saw, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) knew well that the people would not have been diverted from prayer by the arrival of any other man. As Rasulullah  came close to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) to join in prayer, the latter moved himself away from his position of leadership so that Nabi  might take over. Rasulullah  however, pushed him back into place. He sat besides Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) and prayed in a sitting position. When he completed his prayer, he joined the congregation and talked to them with a clear voice, audible even outside the Masjid. He said: "O Men, the fire is ready. Subversive attacks are advancing like waves of darkness. By Allah, I shall not be held responsible for ought of this. I have never allowed anything which the Qur'aan had not made legitimate, and I have never forbidden ought which the Qur'aan had not forbidden. Allah's curse is upon those who take graves for their Masjid".
The Sahaba (RA) were so overjoyed at the signs of recovery in the health of their beloved Nabi  that Hazrat Usamah ibn Zayd (RA) even asked permission to march on Syria (Shaam). Indeed even Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) came forward and said: "O Rasool  of Allah it is evident that Allah has granted you His blessings and given you good health just as we all wished and prayed. I had promised the daughter of Kaharijah [meaning his wife] to spend the day with her. May I take leave of you? "Rasulullah  granted him leave, and Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) went to al Sunh on the outskirts of Madinah, where his wife resided. Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Ali (RA) returned to their business as usual. The Sahaba (RA) dispersed in joy and happiness after their days of sadness over the news of Rasulullah 's illness. Rasulullah  returned to the quarters of  Hazrat Aisha (RA) Rasulullah  felt quite weak. Hazrat Aisha (RA)  helped Rasulullah  in with a heart full of awe and sympathy, wishing she could offer him her own life and energy to replace his waning strength.
Rasulullah 's visit to the masjid turned out to be only an interlude of wakefulness which precedes death. After he returned home, every minute saw further deterioration of his health. There was no doubt that he had only a few hours to live. How did he spend these few hours of his life? What was his last vision? Did he spend those precious moments reviewing the career he lived since Allah had commissioned him to Risalat (Prophethood) and appointed him a guide to mankind. Did he recall the hardship he suffered, the joys he experienced, and the spiritual and military victories he achieved? Or did he spend the last moment praying to Allah and asking mercy with all his soul and all his mind as he used to do throughout his life? Or was he too weak to review anything and too unconscious even to pray? At this stage Hazrat Abdur Rehman ibn Abu Bakr (RA) entered the quarters of Hazrat Aisha (RA) carrying a miswak in his hand. Hazrat Aisha (RA) inquired of Rasulullah SAW whether he desired to use the miswak. Rasulullah  indicated by signalling that he so desired. Hazrat Aisha (RA) took the miswak from the brother, chewed on it until it became pliable, and handed it over to Rasulullah  who used it to brush his teeth.
As the agonies of death became stronger, Rasulullah  turned to Allah in prayer saying: "O Allah help me overcome the agonies of death". Hazrat Aisha (RA) reported that his head was in her lap during the last hour. She said: "The head of Allah's Nabi  was getting heavier in my lap. I looked at his face and found that his eyes had become fixed. I heard his murmur, 'Rather, Allah on High and Paradise'. I said to him, By him who sent you a Rasool to teach the truth, you have been given the choice and you chose well. The Rasool of Allah  passed away while his head was on my side between my lungs and my heart reciting :
'It was my youth and inexperience that made me let him depart from this world in my lap. I then placed his head on the pillow and rose to bemoan my fate and join the other women in our bereavement and sorrow"

On Monday 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal 11 A.H. after an illness lasting thirteen days, Rasulullah  passed away. Rasulullah  's family was plunged into indescribable grief. Hazrat Uthman ibn Affan (RA) fell in a swoon. Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (RA) felt as if the earth had caved in under his feet.

The news spread everywhere and the Muslims of Madinah were stunned and dumbfounded to think that their beloved Nabi  was no more in this world . On hearing of this sad news, Hazrat Usamah ibn Zayd (RA) came back to Madinah from Jurf with his whole army.

Among those who was struck with disbelief was Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (RA) . Upon hearing the news and hardly believing it, Hazrat Umar (RA) turned quickly to Rasulullah  quarters . Upon arrival, he went straight to Rasulullah 's bed uncovered and looked at his face beloved's for a while. He perceived its motionless and deathlike appearance as a coma from which he believed Rasulullah  would soon emerge. Hazrat Mughirah ibn Shu'bah (RA) tried in vain to convince Hazrat Umar (RA) of the painful fact. When Hazrat Mughrirah (RA) insisted, Hazrat Umar (RA) said in anger:

Contents of the biography of the Prophet Muhammed 
 
 

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